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he was promoted over me

  • 1 over

    1.
    ['əʊvə(r)]adverb
    1) (outward and downward) hinüber
    2) (so as to cover surface)

    draw/board/cover over — zuziehen/-nageln/-decken

    3) (with motion above something)

    climb/look/jump over — hinüber- od. (ugs.) rüberklettern/-sehen/-springen

    4) (so as to reverse position etc.) herum

    switch over — umschalten [Programm, Sender]

    it rolled over and over — es rollte und rollte

    5) (across a space) hinüber; (towards speaker) herüber

    he swam over to us/the other side — er schwamm zu uns herüber/hinüber zur anderen Seite

    over here/there — (direction) hier herüber/dort hinüber; (location) hier/dort

    they are over [here] for the day — sie sind einen Tag hier

    ask somebody over [for dinner] — jemanden [zum Essen] einladen

    [come in, please,] over — übernehmen Sie bitte

    7) (in excess etc.)

    children of 12 and over — Kinder im Alter von zwölf Jahren und darüber

    be [left] over — übrig [geblieben] sein

    9 into 28 goes 3 and 1 over — 28 geteilt durch neun ist gleich 3, Rest 1

    it's a bit over — (in weight) es ist ein bisschen mehr

    8) (from beginning to end) von Anfang bis Ende

    over and over [again] — immer wieder

    9) (at an end) vorbei; vorüber

    be over — vorbei sein; [Aufführung:] zu Ende sein

    10)

    all over — (completely finished) aus [und vorbei]; (in or on one's whole body etc.) überall; (in characteristic attitude) typisch

    I ache all over — mir tut alles weh

    be shaking all over — am ganzen Körper zittern

    that is him/something all over — das ist typisch für ihn/etwas

    11) (overleaf) umseitig
    2. preposition
    1) (above) (indicating position) über (+ Dat.); (indicating motion) über (+ Akk.)
    2) (on) (indicating position) über (+ Dat.); (indicating motion) über (+ Akk.)
    3) (in or across every part of) [überall] in (+ Dat.); (to and fro upon) über (+ Akk.); (all through) durch

    all over — (in or on all parts of) überall in (+ Dat.)

    she spilt wine all over her skirt — sie hat sich (Dat.) Wein über den ganzen Rock geschüttet

    4) (round about) (indicating position) über (+ Dat.); (indicating motion) über (+ Akk.)
    5) (on account of) wegen
    6) (engaged with) bei

    take trouble over something — sich (Dat.) mit etwas Mühe geben

    over work/dinner/a cup of tea — bei der Arbeit/beim Essen/bei einer Tasse Tee

    7) (superior to, in charge of) über (+ Akk.)

    have command/authority over somebody — Befehlsgewalt über jemanden/Weisungsbefugnis gegenüber jemandem haben

    be over somebody — (in rank) über jemandem stehen

    8) (beyond, more than) über (+ Akk.)

    it's been over a month since... — es ist über einen Monat her, dass...

    9) (in comparison with)
    10) (out and down from etc.) über (+ Akk.)
    11) (across) über (+ Akk.)

    the pub over the road — die Wirtschaft auf der anderen Straßenseite od. gegenüber

    be over the worst — das Schlimmste hinter sich (Dat.) od. überstanden haben

    12) (throughout, during) über (+ Akk.)

    stay over Christmas/the weekend/Wednesday — über Weihnachten/das Wochenende/bis Donnerstag bleiben

    * * *
    ['əuvə] 1. preposition
    1) (higher than; above in position, number, authority etc: Hang that picture over the fireplace; He's over 90 years old.) über
    2) (from one side to another, on or above the top of; on the other side of: He jumped over the gate; She fell over the cat; My friend lives over the street.) über
    3) (covering: He put his handkerchief over his face.) über
    4) (across: You find people like him all over the world.) über
    5) (about: a quarrel over money.) wegen
    6) (by means of: He spoke to her over the telephone.) durch
    7) (during: Over the years, she grew to hate her husband.) während
    8) (while having etc: He fell asleep over his dinner.) über
    2. adverb
    1) (higher, moving etc above: The plane flew over about an hour ago.)
    2) (used to show movement, change of position: He rolled over on his back; He turned over the page.)
    3) (across: He went over and spoke to them.)
    4) (downwards: He fell over.)
    5) (higher in number etc: for people aged twenty and over.)
    6) (remaining: There are two cakes for each of us, and two over.)
    7) (through from beginning to end, carefully: Read it over; Talk it over between you.)
    3. adjective
    (finished: The affair is over now.) über
    4. noun
    ((in cricket) a certain number of balls bowled from one end of the wicket: He bowled thirty overs in the match.) das Over
    5. as part of a word
    1) (too (much), as in overdo.) über...
    2) (in a higher position, as in overhead.) ober...
    3) (covering, as in overcoat.) über...
    4) (down from an upright position, as in overturn.) um...
    5) (completely, as in overcome.) über...
    •
    - academic.ru/117784/over_again">over again
    - over all
    - over and done with
    * * *
    [ˈəʊvəʳ, AM ˈoʊvɚ]
    I. adv inv, pred
    1. (across) hinüber; (towards speaker) herüber
    come \over here komm hierher
    why don't you come \over for dinner on Thursday? kommt doch am Donnerstag zum Abendessen zu uns
    he is flying \over from the States tomorrow er kommt morgen aus den Staaten 'rüber fam
    I've got a friend \over from Canada this week ich habe diese Woche einen Freund aus Kanada zu Besuch
    to move [sth] \over [etw] [beiseite] rücken
    I've got a friend \over in Munich ein Freund von mir lebt in München
    \over the sea in Übersee
    \over there dort [drüben]
    3. (another way up) auf die andere Seite
    the dog rolled \over onto its back der Hund rollte sich auf den Rücken
    to turn sth \over etw umdrehen
    to turn a page \over [eine Seite] umblättern
    \over and \over [immer wieder] um sich akk selbst
    the children rolled \over and \over down the gentle slope die Kinder kugelten den leichten Abhang hinunter
    to fall \over hinfallen
    to knock sth \over etw umstoßen
    ▪ to be \over vorbei [o aus] sein
    the game was \over by 5 o'clock das Spiel war um 5 Uhr zu Ende
    it's all \over between us zwischen uns ist es aus
    that's all \over now damit ist es jetzt vorbei
    to be all \over bar the shouting so gut wie gelaufen sein fam
    to get sth \over with etw abschließen
    to get sth \over and done with etw hinter sich akk bringen
    6. AVIAT, TELEC over, Ende
    \over and out Ende [der Durchsage] fam
    [left] \over übrig
    there were a few sandwiches left \over ein paar Sandwiches waren noch übrig
    to read sth \over etw durchlesen
    to talk sth \over etw durchsprechen
    to think sth \over etw überdenken
    the world \over überall auf der Welt
    all \over ganz und gar
    that's him all \over typisch er
    I was wet all \over ich war völlig durchnässt
    10. AM (again) noch einmal
    all \over alles noch einmal
    I'll make you write it all \over ich lasse dich alles noch einmal schreiben
    to say everything twice \over alles zweimal sagen; five times \over fünfmal hintereinander
    \over and \over immer [o wieder und] wieder
    I've done all I can. it's now over to you ich habe alles getan, was ich konnte. jetzt bist du dran
    12. RADIO, TV
    and now it's \over to John Regis for his report wir geben jetzt weiter an John Regis und seinen Bericht
    now we're going \over to Wembley for commentary zum Kommentar schalten wir jetzt hinüber nach Wembley
    13. (more) mehr
    people who are 65 and \over Menschen, die 65 Jahre oder älter sind
    14.
    ▶ to give \over die Klappe halten sl
    ▶ to have one \over the eight BRIT einen sitzen haben fam
    ▶ to hold sth \over etw verschieben
    II. prep
    1. (across) über + akk
    he spilled wine \over his shirt er goss sich Wein über sein Hemd
    he looked \over his newspaper er schaute über seine Zeitung hinweg
    the village is just \over the next hill das Dorf liegt hinter dem nächsten Hügel
    the diagram is \over the page das Diagramm ist auf der nächsten Seite
    \over the way [or road] BRIT auf der anderen Straßenseite, gegenüber
    they live just \over the road from us sie wohnen uns gegenüber auf der anderen Straßenseite
    3. (above) über + dat
    he sat there, bent \over his books er saß da, über seine Bücher gebeugt
    to have a roof \over one's head ein Dach über dem Kopf haben
    4. (everywhere) [überall] in + dat; (moving everywhere) durch + akk
    all \over überall in + dat
    she had blood all \over her hands sie hatte die Hände voll Blut
    you've got mustard all \over your face du hast Senf überall im Gesicht
    all \over the country im ganzen Land
    we travelled all \over the country wir haben das ganze Land bereist
    all \over the world auf der ganzen Welt
    to be all \over sb (sl) von jdm hingerissen sein
    to show sb \over the house jdm das Haus zeigen
    5. (during) in + dat
    , während + gen
    shall we talk about it \over a cup of coffee? sollen wir das bei einer Tasse Kaffee besprechen?
    gentlemen are asked not to smoke \over dinner die Herren werden gebeten, während des Essens nicht zu rauchen
    she fell asleep \over her homework sie nickte über ihren Hausaufgaben ein
    \over the last few months in den letzten Monaten
    \over the summer den Sommer über
    \over the years mit den Jahren
    6. (more than, longer than) über + akk
    this shirt cost me \over £50! dieses Hemd hat mich über 50 Pfund gekostet!
    they are already 25 million dollars \over budget sie haben das Budget bereits um 25 Millionen Dollar überzogen
    he will not survive \over the winter er wird den Winter nicht überstehen
    \over and above über + akk... hinaus
    she receives an extra allowance \over and above the usual welfare payments sie bekommt über die üblichen Sozialhilfeleistungen hinaus eine zusätzliche Beihilfe
    \over and above that darüber hinaus
    7. (through)
    he told me \over the phone er sagte es mir am Telefon
    we heard the news \over the radio wir hörten die Nachricht im Radio
    8. (in superiority to) über + akk
    he has authority \over thirty employees er hat dreißig Mitarbeiter unter sich
    she has a regional sales director \over her sie untersteht einem Gebietsvertriebsleiter
    a colonel is \over a sergeant in the army ein Colonel steht über einem Sergeant in der Armee
    her husband always did have a lot of influence \over her ihr Mann hat schon immer einen großen Einfluss auf sie gehabt
    9. (about) über + akk
    there's no point in arguing \over it es hat keinen Sinn, darüber zu streiten
    don't fret \over him — he'll be alright mach dir keine Sorgen um ihn — es wird ihm schon gutgehen
    we've been \over this before — no TV until you've done your homework das hatten wir doch alles schon — kein Fernsehen bis du deine Hausaufgaben gemacht hast
    10. (past) über + akk... hinweg
    he's not fully recovered but he's certainly \over the worst er ist zwar noch nicht wieder ganz gesund, aber er hat das Schlimmste überstanden
    to be/get \over sb über die Trennung von jdm hinweg sein/kommen
    to be \over an obstacle ein Hindernis überwunden haben
    11. MATH (in fraction) durch + akk
    48 \over 7 is roughly 7 48 durch 7 ist ungefähr 7
    2 \over 5 zwei Fünftel
    * * *
    ['əʊvə(r)]
    1. prep
    1) (indicating motion) über (+acc)

    he spilled coffee over it — er goss Kaffee darüber, er vergoss Kaffee darauf

    2) (indicating position = above, on top of) über (+dat)

    if you hang the picture over the desk — wenn du das Bild über dem Schreibtisch aufhängst or über den Schreibtisch hängst

    3) (= on the other side of) über (+dat); (= to the other side of) über (+acc)

    the house over the road —

    when they were over the river — als sie über den Fluss hinüber waren

    4) (= in or across every part of) in (+dat)

    they came from all over England —

    you've got ink all over you/your hands — Sie/Ihre Hände sind ganz voller Tinte

    5) (= superior to) über (+dat)

    he has no control over his urges/his staff — er hat seine Triebe/seine Angestellten nicht unter Kontrolle

    6) (= more than, longer than) über (+acc)

    that was well over a year ago — das ist gut ein Jahr her, das war vor gut einem Jahr

    7) (in expressions of time) über (+acc); (= during) während (+gen), in (+dat)

    over the summer we have been trying... — während des Sommers haben wir versucht...

    over the (past) years I've come to realize... — im Laufe der (letzten) Jahre ist mir klar geworden...

    8)

    they talked over a cup of coffee —

    let's discuss that over dinner/a beer — besprechen wir das beim Essen/bei einem Bier

    9)
    10) (= about) über (+acc)

    it's not worth arguing over —

    11)
    2. adv
    1) (= across) (away from speaker) hinüber; (towards speaker) herüber; (= on the other side) drüben

    they swam over to us —

    he took the fruit over to his mother when the first man is over the second starts to climb/swim — er brachte das Obst zu seiner Mutter hinüber wenn der Erste drüben angekommen ist, klettert/schwimmt der Zweite los

    I just thought I'd come over — ich dachte, ich komme mal rüber (inf)

    he is over here/there — er ist hier/dort drüben

    and now over to our reporter in Belfast — und nun schalten wir zu unserem Reporter in Belfast um

    and now over to Paris where... — und nun (schalten wir um) nach Paris, wo...

    he went over to the enemy — er lief zum Feind über

    2)

    you've got dirt all over — Sie sind voller Schmutz, Sie sind ganz schmutzig

    I'm wet all over — ich bin völlig nass

    3)

    (indicating movement from one side to another, from upright position) to turn an object over (and over) — einen Gegenstand (immer wieder) herumdrehen

    he hit her and over she went — er schlug sie, und sie fiel um

    4) (= ended) film, first act, operation, fight etc zu Ende; romance, summer vorbei, zu Ende

    the danger was over — die Gefahr war vorüber, es bestand keine Gefahr mehr

    5)

    over and over (again) — immer (und immer) wieder, wieder und wieder

    must I say everything twice over! — muss ich denn immer alles zweimal sagen!

    6) (= excessively) übermäßig, allzu
    7) (= remaining) übrig

    there was no/a lot of meat (left) over — es war kein Fleisch mehr übrig/viel Fleisch übrig

    7 into 22 goes 3 and 1 over — 22 durch 7 ist 3, Rest 1

    8)

    (= more) children of 8 and over —

    all results of 5.3 and over — alle Ergebnisse ab 5,3 or von 5,3 und darüber

    9) (TELEC)

    come in, please, over — bitte kommen, over

    over and out — Ende der Durchsage; (Aviat) over and out

    3. n (CRICKET)
    6 aufeinanderfolgende Würfe
    * * *
    over [ˈəʊvə(r)]
    A präp
    1. (Grundbedeutung) über (dat oder akk)
    2. (Lage) über (dat):
    3. (Richtung, Bewegung) über (akk), über (akk) … hin, über (akk) … (hin)weg:
    the bridge over the Danube die Brücke über die Donau;
    he escaped over the border er entkam über die Grenze;
    he will get over it fig er wird darüber hinwegkommen
    4. durch:
    5. Br über (dat), jenseits (gen), auf der anderen Seite von (oder gen):
    over the sea in Übersee, jenseits des Meeres;
    over the street ( oder road) auf der anderen Straßenseite;
    over the way gegenüber
    6. über (dat), bei:
    he fell asleep over his work er schlief über seiner Arbeit ein;
    over a cup of tea bei einer Tasse Tee
    7. über (akk), wegen:
    8. (Herrschaft, Autorität, Rang) über (dat oder akk):
    be over sb über jemandem stehen;
    reign over a kingdom über ein Königreich herrschen;
    he set him over the others er setzte ihn über die anderen
    9. vor (dat):
    preference over the others Vorzug vor den andern
    10. über (akk), mehr als:
    over a week über eine Woche, länger als eine Woche;
    over and above zusätzlich zu, außer ( → B 13)
    11. über (akk), während:
    over the years im Laufe der Jahre;
    over many years viele Jahre hindurch
    12. durch:
    he went over his notes er ging seine Notizen durch
    B adv
    1. hinüber…, darüber…:
    2. hinüber… (to zu):
    3. fig über…, zur anderen Seite oder Partei:
    they went over to the enemy sie liefen zum Feind über
    4. herüber…:
    come over!
    5. drüben:
    over by the tree drüben beim Baum;
    over in Canada (drüben) in Kanada;
    a) da drüben,
    b) US umg (drüben) in Europa;
    over against gegenüber (dat) (a. fig im Gegensatz od im Vergleich zu)
    6. (genau) darüber:
    7. darüber(…), über…(-decken etc):
    paint sth over etwas übermalen
    a) über…(-geben etc)
    b) über…(-kochen etc)
    9. (oft in Verbindung mit Verben)
    a) um…(-fallen, -werfen etc)
    b) herum…(-drehen etc)
    10. durch(weg), von Anfang bis (zum) Ende:
    one foot over ein Fuß im Durchmesser;
    covered (all) over with red spots ganz oder über und über mit roten Flecken bedeckt;
    a) in der ganzen Welt,
    b) durch die ganze Welt
    11. (gründlich) über…(-legen, -denken etc)
    12. nochmals, wieder:
    (all) over again nochmal, (ganz) von vorn;
    over and over again immer (u. immer) wieder;
    do sth over etwas nochmals tun;
    ten times over zehnmal hintereinander
    13. darüber, mehr:
    children of ten years and over Kinder ab 10 Jahren;
    10 ounces and over 10 Unzen und mehr;
    over and above außerdem, obendrein, überdies ( → A 10)
    14. übrig:
    15. (zeitlich, im Deutschen oft unübersetzt)
    a) ständig
    b) länger:
    we stayed over till Monday wir blieben bis Montag
    16. zu Ende, vorüber, vorbei:
    over! (Funksprechverkehr) over!, kommen!;
    all over ganz vorbei;
    all over with erledigt, vorüber;
    it’s all over with him es ist aus und vorbei mit ihm, er ist endgültig erledigt umg;
    all over and done with total erledigt
    C adj
    1. ober(er, e, es), Ober…
    2. äußer(er, e, es), Außen…
    3. überzählig, überschüssig, übrig
    D s Überschuss m:
    over of exports Exportüberschuss
    * * *
    1.
    ['əʊvə(r)]adverb

    draw/board/cover over — zuziehen/-nageln/-decken

    3) (with motion above something)

    climb/look/jump over — hinüber- od. (ugs.) rüberklettern/-sehen/-springen

    4) (so as to reverse position etc.) herum

    switch over — umschalten [Programm, Sender]

    5) (across a space) hinüber; (towards speaker) herüber

    he swam over to us/the other side — er schwamm zu uns herüber/hinüber zur anderen Seite

    over here/there — (direction) hier herüber/dort hinüber; (location) hier/dort

    they are over [here] for the day — sie sind einen Tag hier

    ask somebody over [for dinner] — jemanden [zum Essen] einladen

    [come in, please,] over — übernehmen Sie bitte

    7) (in excess etc.)

    be [left] over — übrig [geblieben] sein

    9 into 28 goes 3 and 1 over — 28 geteilt durch neun ist gleich 3, Rest 1

    it's a bit over — (in weight) es ist ein bisschen mehr

    8) (from beginning to end) von Anfang bis Ende

    over and over [again] — immer wieder

    9) (at an end) vorbei; vorüber

    be over — vorbei sein; [Aufführung:] zu Ende sein

    10)

    all over — (completely finished) aus [und vorbei]; (in or on one's whole body etc.) überall; (in characteristic attitude) typisch

    that is him/something all over — das ist typisch für ihn/etwas

    11) (overleaf) umseitig
    2. preposition
    1) (above) (indicating position) über (+ Dat.); (indicating motion) über (+ Akk.)
    2) (on) (indicating position) über (+ Dat.); (indicating motion) über (+ Akk.)
    3) (in or across every part of) [überall] in (+ Dat.); (to and fro upon) über (+ Akk.); (all through) durch

    all over — (in or on all parts of) überall in (+ Dat.)

    she spilt wine all over her skirt — sie hat sich (Dat.) Wein über den ganzen Rock geschüttet

    4) (round about) (indicating position) über (+ Dat.); (indicating motion) über (+ Akk.)

    take trouble over something — sich (Dat.) mit etwas Mühe geben

    over work/dinner/a cup of tea — bei der Arbeit/beim Essen/bei einer Tasse Tee

    7) (superior to, in charge of) über (+ Akk.)

    have command/authority over somebody — Befehlsgewalt über jemanden/Weisungsbefugnis gegenüber jemandem haben

    be over somebody — (in rank) über jemandem stehen

    8) (beyond, more than) über (+ Akk.)

    it's been over a month since... — es ist über einen Monat her, dass...

    10) (out and down from etc.) über (+ Akk.)
    11) (across) über (+ Akk.)

    be over the worst — das Schlimmste hinter sich (Dat.) od. überstanden haben

    12) (throughout, during) über (+ Akk.)

    stay over Christmas/the weekend/Wednesday — über Weihnachten/das Wochenende/bis Donnerstag bleiben

    * * *
    adj.
    aus adj.
    vorbei adj.
    übermäßig adj. prep.
    hinüber präp.
    über präp.

    English-german dictionary > over

  • 2 over somebody's head

    1. выше чьего-либо понимания

    Mary laughed just to be polite, but the joke was really over her head.

    2. через чью-либо голову (действовать)

    He was promoted over the head of three people who were senior to him.

    Англо-русский словарь идиом и фразовых глаголов > over somebody's head

  • 3 over smb.'s head

    (over smb.'s head (или the head of smb.))
    1) выше чьего-л. понимания, недоступно пониманию кого-л. (тж. above smb.'s head или the head of smb.)

    He paused, overcome by the consciousness that he had been talking over Ruth's head. (J. London, ‘Martin Eden’, ch. XXX) — Мартин вдруг остановился, испуганный догадкой, что Руфь еще не доросла до понимания того, о чем он говорит.

    He glanced at the headings he had made for his speech. He was undecided about the lines from Robert Browning, for he feared they would be above the leads of his hearers. (J. Joyce, ‘Dubliners’, ‘The Dead’) — Габриель достал из жилетного кармана небольшой клочок бумаги и прочел заметки, приготовленные им для застольной речи. Он еще не решил насчет цитаты из Роберта Браунинга; пожалуй, это будет не по плечу его слушателям.

    I can't remember much about the funeral except the young student preacher who gave a long, long address - far over our heads. (J. Walsh, ‘Not Like This’, ‘War’) — я не могу припомнить никаких подробностей похорон, помню только, что молодой проповедник долго-долго говорил что-то, но его слова как-то не доходили до нашего сознания.

    2) через чью-л. голову, не посоветовавшись с кем-л., обойдя кого-л. (тж. above smb.'s head или the head of smb.)

    The necessary forms and ceremonies - the reading of the Will, valuation of the estate, distribution of the legacies - were enacted over the head, as it were, of one not yet of age. (J. Galsworthy, ‘To Let’, part III, ch. VI) — Неизбежные формальности и церемонии - чтение завещания, оценка имущества, раздел наследства - выполнялись без участия несовершеннолетнего наследника.

    Why, I believe I could point out to you half a dozen men around here that I myself taught all they know about carman's work - and then seen those men get promoted over my head. (A. Saxton, ‘The Great Midland’, part V, ‘1940’) — Да я бы вам без труда указал тут с десяток людей, которых я сам обучал вагоноремонтному делу, а потом должен был любоваться, как они получают места через мою голову.

    But Danny has been doing many bad things lately. He has been stealing from us. Maybe he has sold the house over our heads. (J. Steinbeck, ‘Tortilla Flat’, ch. XV) — Но Дэнни много натворил плохого за последнее время. Он обкрадывал нас. Может быть, он и дом продал без нашего ведома.

    3) амер. не по средствам; не имея возможности расплатиться

    He's lost over his head in that poker game. (RHD) — Он играл в покер и начисто проигрался.

    Large English-Russian phrasebook > over smb.'s head

  • 4 be all over oneself

    разг.
    1) всячески стараться, не жалеть сил; ≈ из кожи лезть вон

    He was all over himself to help us — Он всячески старался помочь нам.

    2) быть чрезвычайно довольным, быть в восторге

    He's got engaged to be married and He's all over himself. (SPI) — Джон на седьмом небе: он помолвлен и скоро женится.

    3) заносчиво держаться, зазнаваться, важничать

    He used to be all right, but now He's promoted He's all over himself. (Suppl) — Был парень как парень, а получил повышение и стал задирать нос.

    Large English-Russian phrasebook > be all over oneself

  • 5 head

    {hed}
    I. 1. глава, прен. човек, глава
    from HEAD to foot от глава (та) до пети (те)
    taller by a HEAD c една глава по-висок
    per HEAD на човек/глава
    to turn HEAD over heels обръщам се презглава
    he stands HEAD and shoulders above her прен. той стой много по-високо от нея/далеч я превъзхожда
    to show oneself HEAD показвам се, появявам се
    to talk someone's HEAD off проглушавам ушите на/уморявам някого с приказки
    to lose one's HEAD бивам обезглавен, прен. обърквам се, шашардисвам се, загубвам и ума, и дума
    to keep/hold one's HEAD above water държа си главата над водата, прен. свързвам двата края, нямам дългове
    King's/Queen's HEAD пощенска марка с лика на краля/кралицата
    2. (рl без изменение) глава добитък
    twenty HEAD of cattle двадесет глави добитък
    large HEAD of game много дивеч
    3. прен. ум, разсъдък, способности, талант, разг. акъл
    he has a good HEAD on his shoulders сече му акълът, умен човек e
    to have no HEAD for mathematics не ме бива по/мъчно усвоявам математиката
    to have a HEAD like a sieve забравям всичко, не мога да помня
    to put something into someone's HEAD внушавам/давам някому идея за нещо
    to put something out of someone's HEAD карам някого да забрави нещо
    to put something out of one's HEAD преставам да мисля за нещо, избивам си нещо от главата
    to get a swelled/aм. big. HEAD навирвам нос, придавам си важност, важнича, големея се
    to have a HEAD (on one) имам главоболие, боли ме главата (и от пиянство), акъллия съм
    of one's own HEAD самостоятелно, на своя глава
    to reckon in one's HEAD смятам наум
    he has got/taken it into his HEAD to/that наумил си e да, внушил си e, че
    his name has got out of my HEAD забравил съм му името
    to talk over/above another's HEAD/the HEAD s of others/one's audience говоря неразбираемо за слушателите си/на твърде труден за слушателите си език
    to keep one's HEAD запазвам самообладание
    to go off one's HEAD полудявам
    to be off/out of one's HEAD луд/полудял съм
    4. началник, шеф, ръководител, вожд, главатар, глава (на семейство), директор (и на училище)
    HEAD of state държавен глава
    5. предна част, глава, нос (на кораб), главичка (на гвоздей и пр.), острие (на брадва и пр.), чело (на чук), воен. заряд (на граната, торпедо), метал. леяк, мъртва глава
    6. предно/първо място
    at the HEAD of начело на
    to take the HEAD of the table сядам на председателското място (на масата)
    7. връх, горна част (на страница и пр.), горен край (на езеро)
    to stand something on its HEAD поставям нещо с главата надолу
    8. извор
    9. геогр. нос
    10. жило, връх (на цирей)
    11. пяна, яка (на бира)
    12. рубрика, отдел (във вестник), заглавие, точка, категория, новина, кратко съобшение (по радиото, телевизията)
    under separate HEADs отделно. под отделни заглавия
    13. ези, лицева страна на монета
    HEADs or tails ези-тура
    14. тех. височина на/напор, налягане
    15. стр. ригел, горна греда на рамка за врата/прозорец, арх. капител
    16. тех. глава (на магнетофон)
    17. (опъната) кожа (на барабан), място за ключовете, главичка, охлюв (на цигулка)
    18. бот. съцветие, главичка, глава
    HEAD of cabbage зелка
    HEAD of lettuce салата
    19. sl. наркоман
    20. грам. главна/основна дума (в конструкция)
    21. sl. клозет
    on his HEAD be it той да носи оповорността
    HEAD over ears прен. затънал до уши
    over one's HEAD над/надвиснал над главата ми (особ. за опасност), твърде груден, неразбираем, без мое знание/съгласие
    he was promoted over my HEAD новишиха гo, без да се допитат до мен, повишиха него вместо мене
    to come/gather to a HEAD назрявам (за цирей)
    to come to a HEAD прен. достигам връхна точка/критичен/решителен момент
    to bring to a HEAD предизвиквам криза, довеждам до критично положение
    to make HEAD against съпротивлявам се/боря се/напредвам срещу
    I can't make HEAD or tail of something не мога да проумея/разбера нещо
    to give a horse/person his HEAD отпускам юздите на кон/прен. някому
    to let someone have/give someone his HEAD давам свобода (на действие) на някого
    we put our HEADs together прен. съвещавахме се
    II. 1. челен, преден, първи, главен, старши (на служител)
    HEAD Post Office Централна пощенска станция
    2. насрещен (за вятър и пр.)
    3. муз. От горен регистър (за глас)
    III. 1. възглавявам, начело съм на, водя
    2. озаглавявам, слагам заглавие на
    3. слагам глава/главичка на, слагам острие на (стрела)
    4. отсичам главата на (животно), отрязвам/прекършвам връхчетата (на растение)
    5. изправям се срещу (вълни и пр.)
    6. тръгвам за, вървя към (for), насочвам (се), упътвам (се)
    направлявам, държа курс/посока към (for)
    to HEAD for trouble търся си белята
    7. завивам се (за зелка)
    8. изкласявам (за жито и пр.)
    9. сп. удрям (топка) с глава
    10. водя начаглото си, извирам от (за река)
    11. изпреварвам, задминавам
    12. ам. препречвам пътя на (стадо и пр.)
    head back връщам, пращам в обратна посока, препречвам пътя на (с цел да отклоня, върна)
    head off отклонявам, изпреварвам, за да отклоня, отблъсквам, препятствувам на, препречвам пътя на, прен. предотвратявам, попречвам на
    to HEAD off an equalizer удрям с глава, за да изравня резултата
    * * *
    {hed} n 1. глава; прен. човек, глава; from head to foot от глава(та(2) {hed} a 1. челен, преден; първи, главен; старши (на служител{3} {hed} v 1. възглавявам, начело съм на, водя; 2. озаглавявам,
    * * *
    челен; шеф; яка; озаглавявам; оглавявам; преден; главатар; главен; възгласявам; глава; ези; лидер; началник; насрещен;
    * * *
    1. (рl без изменение) глава добитък 2. 1 (опъната) кожа (на барабан), място за ключовете, главичка, охлюв (на цигулка) 3. 1 sl. наркоман 4. 1 ам. препречвам пътя на (стадо и пр.) 5. 1 бот. съцветие, главичка, глава 6. 1 ези, лицева страна на монета 7. 1 изпреварвам, задминавам 8. 1 пяна, яка (на бира) 9. 1 рубрика, отдел (във вестник), заглавие, точка, категория, новина, кратко съобшение (по радиото, телевизията) 10. 1 стр. ригел, горна греда на рамка за врата/прозорец, арх. капител 11. 1 тех. височина на/напор, налягане 12. 1 тех. глава (на магнетофон) 13. 2 sl. клозет 14. 20. грам. главна/основна дума (в конструкция) 15. at the head of начело на 16. from head to foot от глава (та) до пети (те) 17. he has a good head on his shoulders сече му акълът, умен човек e 18. he has got/taken it into his head to/that наумил си e да, внушил си e, че 19. he stands head and shoulders above her прен. той стой много по-високо от нея/далеч я превъзхожда 20. he was promoted over my head новишиха гo, без да се допитат до мен, повишиха него вместо мене 21. head back връщам, пращам в обратна посока, препречвам пътя на (с цел да отклоня, върна) 22. head of cabbage зелка 23. head of lettuce салата 24. head of state държавен глава 25. head off отклонявам, изпреварвам, за да отклоня, отблъсквам, препятствувам на, препречвам пътя на, прен. предотвратявам, попречвам на 26. head over ears прен. затънал до уши 27. head post office Централна пощенска станция 28. heads or tails ези-тура 29. his name has got out of my head забравил съм му името 30. i can't make head or tail of something не мога да проумея/разбера нещо 31. i. глава, прен. човек, глава 32. ii. челен, преден, първи, главен, старши (на служител) 33. iii. възглавявам, начело съм на, водя 34. king's/queen's head пощенска марка с лика на краля/кралицата 35. large head of game много дивеч 36. of one's own head самостоятелно, на своя глава 37. on his head be it той да носи оповорността 38. over one's head над/надвиснал над главата ми (особ. за опасност), твърде груден, неразбираем, без мое знание/съгласие 39. per head на човек/глава 40. taller by a head c една глава по-висок 41. to be off/out of one's head луд/полудял съм 42. to bring to a head предизвиквам криза, довеждам до критично положение 43. to come to a head прен. достигам връхна точка/критичен/решителен момент 44. to come/gather to a head назрявам (за цирей) 45. to get a swelled/aм. big. head навирвам нос, придавам си важност, важнича, големея се 46. to give a horse/person his head отпускам юздите на кон/прен. някому 47. to go off one's head полудявам 48. to have a head (on one) имам главоболие, боли ме главата (и от пиянство), акъллия съм 49. to have a head like a sieve забравям всичко, не мога да помня 50. to have no head for mathematics не ме бива по/мъчно усвоявам математиката 51. to head for trouble търся си белята 52. to head off an equalizer удрям с глава, за да изравня резултата 53. to keep one's head запазвам самообладание 54. to keep/hold one's head above water държа си главата над водата, прен. свързвам двата края, нямам дългове 55. to let someone have/give someone his head давам свобода (на действие) на някого 56. to lose one's head бивам обезглавен, прен. обърквам се, шашардисвам се, загубвам и ума, и дума 57. to make head against съпротивлявам се/боря се/напредвам срещу 58. to put something into someone's head внушавам/давам някому идея за нещо 59. to put something out of one's head преставам да мисля за нещо, избивам си нещо от главата 60. to put something out of someone's head карам някого да забрави нещо 61. to reckon in one's head смятам наум 62. to show oneself head показвам се, появявам се 63. to stand something on its head поставям нещо с главата надолу 64. to take the head of the table сядам на председателското място (на масата) 65. to talk over/above another's head/the head s of others/one's audience говоря неразбираемо за слушателите си/на твърде труден за слушателите си език 66. to talk someone's head off проглушавам ушите на/уморявам някого с приказки 67. to turn head over heels обръщам се презглава 68. twenty head of cattle двадесет глави добитък 69. under separate heads отделно. под отделни заглавия 70. we put our heads together прен. съвещавахме се 71. водя начаглото си, извирам от (за река) 72. връх, горна част (на страница и пр.), горен край (на езеро) 73. геогр. нос 74. жило, връх (на цирей) 75. завивам се (за зелка) 76. извор 77. изкласявам (за жито и пр.) 78. изправям се срещу (вълни и пр.) 79. муз. От горен регистър (за глас) 80. направлявам, държа курс/посока към (for) 81. насрещен (за вятър и пр.) 82. началник, шеф, ръководител, вожд, главатар, глава (на семейство), директор (и на училище) 83. озаглавявам, слагам заглавие на 84. отсичам главата на (животно), отрязвам/прекършвам връхчетата (на растение) 85. предна част, глава, нос (на кораб), главичка (на гвоздей и пр.), острие (на брадва и пр.), чело (на чук), воен. заряд (на граната, торпедо), метал. леяк, мъртва глава 86. предно/първо място 87. прен. ум, разсъдък, способности, талант, разг. акъл 88. слагам глава/главичка на, слагам острие на (стрела) 89. сп. удрям (топка) с глава 90. тръгвам за, вървя към (for), насочвам (се), упътвам (се)
    * * *
    head [hed] I. n 1. глава; прен. човек, глава; глава добитък (pl без изменение); per \head на човек (глава); thirty \head of cattle тридесет глави добитък; from \head to foot от глава до пети; to walk with o.'s \head high in the air ходя с високо вдигнато чело; by a \head taller с една глава по-висок; these instructions were given over my \head тези указания са били дадени без мое знание (без да се допитат до мен); he was promoted over my \head произведоха (повишиха) го вместо мен; \head first ( foremost) с главата напред; стремглаво; to fall \head first падам с главата надолу; to turn \head over heels обръщам се презглава; on his \head be it отговорността е негова; to cut ( strike) off s.o.'s \head, to cut ( make) s.o. shorter by a \head обезглавявам някого; to lose o.'s \head обезглавен съм; прен. обърквам се, шашардисвам се; we laid ( put) our \heads together ние се съвещавахме; to do s.th. on o.'s \head правя нещо леко (лесно); върша нещо без усилие; to get a swelled ( the big) \head навирвам нос, придавам си важност, големея се, надувам се, важнича; to bury o.'s \head in the sand отказвам упорито да призная съществуващи факти; dead \head разг. посетител (пътник) без билет; death's \head череп; to bite ( snap) s.o.'s \head off разг. срязвам някого, отвръщам грубо и рязко; I can do it standing on my \head мога да го направя с вързани очи; it does my \head in това ме побърква, изнервя, разстройва; to build up a \head of steam постепенно побеснявам, губя търпение, излизам от кожата си; to give s.o.'s \head a washing прен. трия сол на главата на някого; wine that goes ( gets) to o.'s \head вино, което удря в главата; success went to her \head успехът ѝ завъртя главата, прен. забрави се; to have o.'s \head in the clouds хвърча в облаците; she stands \head and sholders above him прен. тя стои много по-високо от него; to hide o.'s ( diminished) \head спотайвам се (от срам); to hold ( keep) o.'s \head above water прен. държа се на повърхността, боря се с трудностите; to keep o.'s \head down 1) спотайвам се, кротувам, трая си; 2) налягам си парцалите; работя упорито; to keep o.'s \head above ground живея, съществувам; to knock their \heads together накарвам ги да се помирят; to knock (s.th.) on the \head 1) опровергавам; 2) прекратявам, спирам, слагам край на; to lift s.o.'s \head зарадвам някого; повдигам духа на някого; to stake o.'s \head on залагам (режа, давам) си главата за; to talk s.o.'s \head off проглушавам ушите на някого с приказки, уморявам някого от приказки; to work o.'s \head off работя като вол; to make \head or tail of разбирам, проумявам, разгадавам; 2. прен. ум, разум, разсъдък; разг. акъл; she has a good \head on her shoulders, her head is screwed on ( the right way) тя е умен човек, има акъл в главата си; to screw o.'s \head tight опичам си ума, не се поддавам на изкушение; to have no \head for geography не ме бива по география, не мога да помня (усвоявам) материала по география; it is above my \head това е прекалено сложно за мен, не го разбирам; to have a \head like a sieve забравям всичко, не мога да помня; to reckon in o.'s \head правя си сметка наум; he has got ( taken) it into his \head that той си е наумил, че; it never entered my \head that никога не ми е идвало наум, че; I think he made it up out of his own \head струва ми се, че той сам си измисли това; to have a \head, to have a \head on one имам акъл, акъллия съм; to keep a level ( cool) \head, to keep o.'s \head запазвам самообладание; he is off ( out of) his \head той не е на себе си, той е луд (полудял); to go out of o.'s \head полудявам, обърквам се; soft ( touched, weak, not quite right) in the \head смахнат, шашав, не с всичкия си; to turn s.o.'s \head подлудявам някого, побърквам някого; to turn s.th. over in o.'s \head премислям нещо; off the top of o.'s \head 1) импровизирано, без подготовка; 2) наизуст, "на сън"; 3. началник; шеф, бос; ръководител; водач; вожд, главатар; 4. предна част, начало, глава; нос (на кораб); острие (на брадва); чело (на чук); воен. заряд (на граната, торпедо); to take the \head of the table сядам на председателското място (на маса); at the \head of начело на; war-\head воен. боен заряд; \head on the wind мор. срещу вятъра (и прен.); to make \head напредвам, прогресирам; 5. връх, горна част, глава; главичка (на гвоздей); at the \head of the list на първо място в списъка, начело на списъка; 6. извор; fountain-\head извор; прен. източник; 7. геогр. нос; 8. жило, връх (на цирей и пр.); to come to a \head нарязвам; прен. достигам до критическа (решителна) точка; to bring to a \head довеждам до критическа точка; 9. издигната част на постеля (за главата), възглавие, възглаве; 10. пяна, яка (на бира); 11. рубрика, отдел; заглавие; under separate \heads отделно, под отделни заглавия; 12. ези, лицева страна на монета; \heads or tails ези-тура; \heads I win, tails you lose прен. и така, и иначе ти губиш; 13. тех., хидр. напор, налягане; \head of water височина на водния стълб; 14. строит., архит. ключ, ключов камък (на свод); 15. общ брой, число; 16. мет. леяк; мъртва (изгубена) глава; 17. тех. супорт, подвижно седло на струг; to make \head against съпротивлявам се срещу; боря се против; напредвам срещу; by the \head мор. с надлъжен наклон към носа (на кораб), със забит (наклонен) нос (за кораб); прен., шег. сръбнал, пийнал; to let s.o. have o.'s \head, to give s.o. their \head давам свобода (на действие) на някого; to give a horse its \head отпускам юздите на кон; II. adj 1. челен, преден; първи, главен; \head agent главен представител; \head waiter оберкелнер; 2. насрещен, срещуположен; \head tide ( wind) насрещно течение (вятър); 3. муз. от горен регистър (за глас); III. v 1. възглавявам, начело съм на, водя; 2. тръгвам, отивам, вървя ( for); 3. озаглавявам; слагам заглавие на; 4. водя началото си от (за река); извирам от; 5. отсичам главата на ( животно), обезглавявам; 6. слагам глава (главичка) на; 7. завивам се (за зелка); 8. сп. удрям ( топка) с глава;

    English-Bulgarian dictionary > head

  • 6 head

    A n
    1 Anat (of person, animal) tête f ; the top of one's head le sommet de la tête or du crâne ; he had a beret on his head il avait un béret sur la tête ; she put her head round the door elle a passé la tête par la porte ; my head aches j'ai mal à la tête ; to nod one's head hocher la tête ; to have a fine head of hair avoir une belle chevelure ; to get ou keep ou have one's head down lit avoir or garder la tête baissée ; fig ( be inconspicuous) ne pas se faire remarquer ; ( work hard) avoir le nez sur son travail ; with one's head in one's hands la tête dans les mains ; from head to foot ou toe de la tête aux pieds, des pieds à la tête ; he pulled his sweater over his head il a retiré son pull ; the decision was made over the heads of the members la décision a été prise sans consulter les membres ; she was promoted over the heads of her colleagues elle a obtenu une promotion qui revenait de droit à ses collègues ; to stand on one's head faire le poirier ; to stand an argument/theory on its head fig [person] prendre le contre-pied d'un argument/d'une théorie ; [evidence, fact] contredire un argument/une théorie ; heads turned at the sight of… tout le monde s'est retourné en voyant… ; to hold a gun ou pistol to sb's head lit braquer un pistolet contre la tête de qn ; fig tenir le couteau sous la gorge de qn ;
    2 ( mind) tête f, crâne ○ m pej ; her head was full of grand ideas elle avait la tête pleine de grandes idées ; I can't get it into her head that je n'arrive pas à lui enfoncer dans la tête or le crâne que ; he has got it into his head that I love him il s'est mis dans la tête que je l'aime ; he has taken it into his head to resign il s'est mis en tête de démissionner ; what(ever) put that idea into her head? qu'est-ce qui lui a mis cette idée dans la tête? ; I can't get the faces of those starving children out of my head je n'arrive pas à oublier les visages affamés de ces enfants ; I can't get that tune out of my head je n'arrive pas à m'ôter cet air de la tête ; you can put that idea out of your head! tu peux oublier cette idée! ; he put the idea of danger out of his head il a chassé l'idée du danger de sa tête ; all these interruptions have put it out of my head toutes ces interruptions me l'ont fait sortir de la tête ; the name has gone right out of my head le nom m'est complètement sorti de la tête ; I can't add them up in my head je ne peux pas les additionner de tête ; I wonder what's going on in her head? je me demande ce qui lui passe par la tête ; to be ou go above ou over sb's head ( too difficult) passer par-dessus la tête de qn, dépasser qn ; don't worry ou bother your (pretty little) head about that ○ ! ne te casse pas la tête pour ça ○ ! ; use your head ○ ! sers-toi de tes méninges ○ ! ; to turn sb's head tourner la tête à qn ; her success has turned her head son succès lui a tourné la tête ; to have a (good) head for figures/business être doué pour le calcul/les affaires ; I have a good head for heights je n'ai pas le vertige ; to have no head for heights avoir le vertige ;
    3 Meas, Turf tête f ; to be a head/half a head taller than sb, to be taller than sb by a head/half a head dépasser qn d'une tête/d'une demi-tête ; to win by a (short) head Turf, fig gagner d'une (courte) tête ;
    4 ○ ( headache) mal m de tête ; to have a bad head ○ gen avoir mal à la tête ; ( hangover) avoir mal aux cheveux ○ ;
    5 (leader, director) (of family. church, agency, section) chef m ; (of social service, organization) responsable mf, directeur/-trice m/f ; at the head of à la tête de ; a team of experts with Dubois at its head une équipe d'experts avec Dubois à sa tête ; head of government/State chef de gouvernement/d'État ; head of department Admin chef de service ; Sch professeur principal ; head of Maths/German Sch responsable de la section de Maths/d'allemand ; head of personnel/marketing Comm chef du personnel/du marketing ;
    6 Admin, Comm ( individual person or animal) we paid £10 a head ou per head nous avons payé 10 livres sterling par personne ; to count heads compter les gens ; 50 head of cattle Agric 50 têtes de bétail ; 30 head of sheep 30 moutons ;
    7 Sport, Tech (of pin, nail etc, hammer, golf club) tête f ; (of axe, spear, arrow) fer m ; ( of tennis racquet) tamis m ; ( of stick) pommeau m ;
    8 ( front or top end) ( of bed) chevet m ; ( of table) (haut) bout m ; ( of procession) tête f ; (of pier, river, valley, glacier, lake) extrémité f ; at the head of the stairs/page/list en haut de l'escalier/de la page/de la liste ; a letter with his address at the head une lettre avec son adresse en en-tête ; at the head of the queue en tête de la file d'attente ;
    9 Bot, Hort (of cabbage, lettuce) pomme f ; ( of celery) pied m ; ( of garlic) tête f ; to cut the dead heads off the roses couper les fleurs fanées des rosiers ;
    10 Comput, Elec (of computer, video, tape recorder) tête f ; reading head, playback head tête f de lecture ; writing head, recording head tête f d'écriture ;
    11 ( on beer) mousse f ;
    12 Med (on boil, spot) tête f ; to come to a head lit, Med mûrir ; fig [crisis, trouble, unrest] arriver au point critique ; to bring sth to a head Med faire mûrir ; fig précipiter [crisis, trouble, unrest] ; amener [qch] au point critique [situation] ;
    13 ( in plumbing) ( height of water) hauteur f de chute d'eau ; ( water pressure) pression f ; head of water colonne f d'eau ;
    14 Phys ( of steam) pression f, volant m de vapeur spec ; to have a good head of steam fig ( be progressing well) avoir le vent en poupe ;
    15 Geog cap m ;
    16 Tech ( on lathe) poupée f.
    1 ( tossing coin) face f ; ‘heads or tails?’ ‘pile ou face?’ ; ‘heads!’ ‘face!’ ; ‘heads it is!’ ‘c'est face!’ ; heads I win/we go face je gagne/on y va ;
    2 Naut ( lavatory) toilettes fpl.
    1 Anat [movement] de tête ; [injury] à la tête ; [covering, bandage] sur la tête ; Zool [markings, feathers] de la tête ;
    2 ( chief) [cashier, cook, gardener] en chef.
    D vtr
    1 lit ( be at the top of) être en tête de [column, list, procession, queue] ;
    2 ( be in charge of) être à la tête de [business, firm, delegation, committee, team] ; mener [expedition, inquiry, revolt] ; the inquiry headed by Inspector Lacôte l'enquête menée par l'inspecteur Lacôte ;
    3 ( entitle) intituler [article, chapter, essay] ; this paragraph is headed by a quotation ce paragraphe est précédé d'une citation ; to head a letter with one's address mettre son adresse en tête d'une lettre ; headed writing paper, headed stationery papier m à lettres à en-tête ;
    4 ( steer) diriger [vehicle] (towards vers) ; naviguer [boat] (towards vers) ; I headed the car for the sea j'ai pris le volant en direction de la mer ; he headed the sheep away from the cliff il a éloigné les moutons de la falaise ;
    5 Sport to head the ball faire une tête ; he headed the ball into the net il a marqué un but de la tête.
    E vi where was the train headed ou heading? dans quelle direction est-ce que le train allait? ; to head south/north Naut mettre le cap au sud/au nord ; he headed straight back into the room il est retourné tout droit dans la pièce ; it's time to head home ou for home il est temps de rentrer ; she headed across the dunes elle s'est engagée à travers les dunes ; look out! he's heading this way attention! il se dirige par ici! ; there's good luck heading your way ( in horoscope) la chance va vous sourire ; ⇒ head for.
    F - headed (dans composés) black-headed bird oiseau à tête noire ; red-headed boy garçon (aux cheveux) roux ; two-headed monster monstre à deux têtes.
    on your own head be it! à tes risques et périls! ; to go to sb's head [alcohol, success, praise] monter à la tête de qn ; you've won, but don't let it go to your head tu as gagné, mais ne te monte pas la tête ; to go off one's head ○ perdre la boule ○ ; are you off your head? tu as perdu la boule ○ ? ; to keep/lose one's head garder/perdre son sang-froid ; to be soft ou weak in the head ○ être faible d'esprit ; he's not right in the head ○ il a un grain ○ ; to laugh one's head off ○ éclater de rire ; to shout one's head off ○ crier à tue-tête ; to talk one's head off ○ ne pas arrêter de parler ; she talked my head off ○ all the way elle m'a cassé les oreilles ○ tout le long du trajet ; off the top of one's head [say, answer] sans réfléchir ; I can't think of anything off the top of my head rien ne me vient à l'esprit pour l'instant ; to give a horse its head lâcher la bride à un cheval ; to give sb their head lâcher la bride à qn ; to give sb head ● US tailler une pipe ● à qn ; to be able to do sth standing on one's head faire qch les doigts dans le nez ○ ; I can't make head (n)or tail of it je n'y comprends rien, ça n'a ni queue ni tête ; I couldn't make head (n)or tail of what she was saying je ne comprenais rien à ce qu'elle disait ; if we all put our heads together si nous nous y mettons tous ; so Louise and I put our heads together and… donc Louise et moi nous y sommes mis à deux et… ; the leaders put their heads together les dirigeants se sont consultés ; two heads are better than one Prov deux avis valent mieux qu'un.
    ■ head for:
    ▶ head for [sth]
    1 lit, gen se diriger vers ; Naut ( set sail) mettre le cap sur ; the car was heading ou headed for Paris la voiture se dirigeait vers Paris ; the ship was heading ou headed for New York le navire faisait route vers New York ; where were they heading ou headed for? dans quelle direction est-ce qu'ils allaient? ; we were heading ou headed for the coast when we broke down nous roulions en direction de la côte quand nous sommes tombés en panne ; to head for home prendre le chemin du retour ; to head for the whisky bottle foncer sur la bouteille de whisky ;
    2 fig courir à [defeat, victory] ; courir vers [trouble] ; to be heading for a fall courir à l'échec.
    ■ head off partir (for, in the direction of, towards vers) ; he headed off across the fields il est parti à travers les champs ;
    ▶ head off [sb/sth], head [sb/sth] off
    1 lit ( intercept) bloquer, barrer la route à [person] ;
    2 fig ( forestall) éluder [question] ; éviter [complaint, quarrel, rebellion] ; he headed her off onto a more interesting topic of conversation il a fait dévier sa conversation vers un sujet plus intéressant.
    ■ head up:
    ▶ head up [sth] diriger [department, team].

    Big English-French dictionary > head

  • 7 promote

    prəˈməut гл.
    1) а) выдвигать;
    продвигать;
    повышать в чине/звании He was promoted from Captain to Commodore. ≈ Его повысили в чине от капитана до коммодора. He was promoted colonel( to the rank of colonel, to be a colonel). ≈ Ему присвоили звание полковника. If I am not promoted within the next two years I am going to change jobs. ≈ Если меня не повысят в течение двух ближайших лет, я поменяю работу. б) амер. переводить( ученика) в следующий класс All the children have been promoted to the next class. ≈ Всех детей перевели в следующий класс.
    2) а) способствовать, помогать, содействовать;
    поддерживать to promote corrosion ≈ способствовать коррозии Regular exercise promotes all-round good health. ≈ Регулярные физические упражнения способствуют хорошему состоянию здоровья в целом. б) побуждать, стимулировать;
    активизировать, возбуждать to promote disorder ≈ возбуждать беспорядки Sugary foods promote breast cancer. ≈ Сладкая пища способствует возникновению рака груди. Syn: encourage, give an incentive,
    3) учреждать to promote a company ≈ учредить кампанию
    4) а) создавать благоприятные условия для продажи б) рекламировать;
    содействовать продаже какого-л. товара Advertising companies are always having to think up new ways to promote products. ≈ Рекламные компании всегда должны изобретать новые способы заинтересовать потребителя в покупке товара.
    5) шахм. продвигать пешку продвигать;
    повышать в чине или звании - to be *d over the head of other person продвинуться по службе, обойдя других способствовать, содействовать, поддерживать, поощрять - to * trade содействовать развитию торговли, поощрять развитие торговли возбуждать;
    стимулировать;
    активизировать - to * disorder возбуждать беспорядки переводить в следующий класс (ученика) учреждать - to * an enterprise учредить предприятие рекламировать;
    содействовать продаже какого-либо товара (шахматное) продвигать пешку (сленг) красть, воровать;
    раздобывать (медицина) способствовать, провоцировать;
    активировать;
    стимулировать;
    ускорять ~ выдвигать;
    продвигать;
    повышать в чине или звании;
    he was promoted major( или to the rank of major) ему присвоили звание майора promote выдвигать, продвигать, повышать в чине или звании ~ выдвигать;
    продвигать;
    повышать в чине или звании;
    he was promoted major (или to the rank of major) ему присвоили звание майора ~ переводить в следующий класс (ученика) ~ поддерживать ~ поощрять, стимулировать;
    активизировать ~ поощрять, стимулировать ~ поощрять ~ шахм. продвигать (пешку) ~ продвигать по службе ~ рекламировать ~ содействовать ~ содействовать продаже товара ~ создавать благоприятные условия для продажи ~ способствовать, помогать, поддерживать;
    содействовать распространению, развитию ~ способствовать, помогать, поддерживать ~ способствовать ~ стимулировать ~ учреждать to ~ general welfare способствовать обеспечению общего благосостояния to ~ legation to the status of an embassy преобразовать дипломатическую миссию в посольство

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > promote

  • 8 Edison, Thomas Alva

    [br]
    b. 11 February 1847 Milan, Ohio, USA
    d. 18 October 1931 Glenmont
    [br]
    American inventor and pioneer electrical developer.
    [br]
    He was the son of Samuel Edison, who was in the timber business. His schooling was delayed due to scarlet fever until 1855, when he was 8½ years old, but he was an avid reader. By the age of 14 he had a job as a newsboy on the railway from Port Huron to Detroit, a distance of sixty-three miles (101 km). He worked a fourteen-hour day with a stopover of five hours, which he spent in the Detroit Free Library. He also sold sweets on the train and, later, fruit and vegetables, and was soon making a profit of $20 a week. He then started two stores in Port Huron and used a spare freight car as a laboratory. He added a hand-printing press to produce 400 copies weekly of The Grand Trunk Herald, most of which he compiled and edited himself. He set himself to learn telegraphy from the station agent at Mount Clements, whose son he had saved from being run over by a freight car.
    At the age of 16 he became a telegraphist at Port Huron. In 1863 he became railway telegraphist at the busy Stratford Junction of the Grand Trunk Railroad, arranging a clock with a notched wheel to give the hourly signal which was to prove that he was awake and at his post! He left hurriedly after failing to hold a train which was nearly involved in a head-on collision. He usually worked the night shift, allowing himself time for experiments during the day. His first invention was an arrangement of two Morse registers so that a high-speed input could be decoded at a slower speed. Moving from place to place he held many positions as a telegraphist. In Boston he invented an automatic vote recorder for Congress and patented it, but the idea was rejected. This was the first of a total of 1180 patents that he was to take out during his lifetime. After six years he resigned from the Western Union Company to devote all his time to invention, his next idea being an improved ticker-tape machine for stockbrokers. He developed a duplex telegraphy system, but this was turned down by the Western Union Company. He then moved to New York.
    Edison found accommodation in the battery room of Law's Gold Reporting Company, sleeping in the cellar, and there his repair of a broken transmitter marked him as someone of special talents. His superior soon resigned, and he was promoted with a salary of $300 a month. Western Union paid him $40,000 for the sole rights on future improvements on the duplex telegraph, and he moved to Ward Street, Newark, New Jersey, where he employed a gathering of specialist engineers. Within a year, he married one of his employees, Mary Stilwell, when she was only 16: a daughter, Marion, was born in 1872, and two sons, Thomas and William, in 1876 and 1879, respectively.
    He continued to work on the automatic telegraph, a device to send out messages faster than they could be tapped out by hand: that is, over fifty words per minute or so. An earlier machine by Alexander Bain worked at up to 400 words per minute, but was not good over long distances. Edison agreed to work on improving this feature of Bain's machine for the Automatic Telegraph Company (ATC) for $40,000. He improved it to a working speed of 500 words per minute and ran a test between Washington and New York. Hoping to sell their equipment to the Post Office in Britain, ATC sent Edison to England in 1873 to negotiate. A 500-word message was to be sent from Liverpool to London every half-hour for six hours, followed by tests on 2,200 miles (3,540 km) of cable at Greenwich. Only confused results were obtained due to induction in the cable, which lay coiled in a water tank. Edison returned to New York, where he worked on his quadruplex telegraph system, tests of which proved a success between New York and Albany in December 1874. Unfortunately, simultaneous negotiation with Western Union and ATC resulted in a lawsuit.
    Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent for a telephone in March 1876 while Edison was still working on the same idea. His improvements allowed the device to operate over a distance of hundreds of miles instead of only a few miles. Tests were carried out over the 106 miles (170 km) between New York and Philadelphia. Edison applied for a patent on the carbon-button transmitter in April 1877, Western Union agreeing to pay him $6,000 a year for the seventeen-year duration of the patent. In these years he was also working on the development of the electric lamp and on a duplicating machine which would make up to 3,000 copies from a stencil. In 1876–7 he moved from Newark to Menlo Park, twenty-four miles (39 km) from New York on the Pennsylvania Railway, near Elizabeth. He had bought a house there around which he built the premises that would become his "inventions factory". It was there that he began the use of his 200- page pocket notebooks, each of which lasted him about two weeks, so prolific were his ideas. When he died he left 3,400 of them filled with notes and sketches.
    Late in 1877 he applied for a patent for a phonograph which was granted on 19 February 1878, and by the end of the year he had formed a company to manufacture this totally new product. At the time, Edison saw the device primarily as a business aid rather than for entertainment, rather as a dictating machine. In August 1878 he was granted a British patent. In July 1878 he tried to measure the heat from the solar corona at a solar eclipse viewed from Rawlins, Wyoming, but his "tasimeter" was too sensitive.
    Probably his greatest achievement was "The Subdivision of the Electric Light" or the "glow bulb". He tried many materials for the filament before settling on carbon. He gave a demonstration of electric light by lighting up Menlo Park and inviting the public. Edison was, of course, faced with the problem of inventing and producing all the ancillaries which go to make up the electrical system of generation and distribution-meters, fuses, insulation, switches, cabling—even generators had to be designed and built; everything was new. He started a number of manufacturing companies to produce the various components needed.
    In 1881 he built the world's largest generator, which weighed 27 tons, to light 1,200 lamps at the Paris Exhibition. It was later moved to England to be used in the world's first central power station with steam engine drive at Holborn Viaduct, London. In September 1882 he started up his Pearl Street Generating Station in New York, which led to a worldwide increase in the application of electric power, particularly for lighting. At the same time as these developments, he built a 1,300yd (1,190m) electric railway at Menlo Park.
    On 9 August 1884 his wife died of typhoid. Using his telegraphic skills, he proposed to 19-year-old Mina Miller in Morse code while in the company of others on a train. He married her in February 1885 before buying a new house and estate at West Orange, New Jersey, building a new laboratory not far away in the Orange Valley.
    Edison used direct current which was limited to around 250 volts. Alternating current was largely developed by George Westinghouse and Nicola Tesla, using transformers to step up the current to a higher voltage for long-distance transmission. The use of AC gradually overtook the Edison DC system.
    In autumn 1888 he patented a form of cinephotography, the kinetoscope, obtaining film-stock from George Eastman. In 1893 he set up the first film studio, which was pivoted so as to catch the sun, with a hinged roof which could be raised. In 1894 kinetoscope parlours with "peep shows" were starting up in cities all over America. Competition came from the Latham Brothers with a screen-projection machine, which Edison answered with his "Vitascope", shown in New York in 1896. This showed pictures with accompanying sound, but there was some difficulty with synchronization. Edison also experimented with captions at this early date.
    In 1880 he filed a patent for a magnetic ore separator, the first of nearly sixty. He bought up deposits of low-grade iron ore which had been developed in the north of New Jersey. The process was a commercial success until the discovery of iron-rich ore in Minnesota rendered it uneconomic and uncompetitive. In 1898 cement rock was discovered in New Village, west of West Orange. Edison bought the land and started cement manufacture, using kilns twice the normal length and using half as much fuel to heat them as the normal type of kiln. In 1893 he met Henry Ford, who was building his second car, at an Edison convention. This started him on the development of a battery for an electric car on which he made over 9,000 experiments. In 1903 he sold his patent for wireless telegraphy "for a song" to Guglielmo Marconi.
    In 1910 Edison designed a prefabricated concrete house. In December 1914 fire destroyed three-quarters of the West Orange plant, but it was at once rebuilt, and with the threat of war Edison started to set up his own plants for making all the chemicals that he had previously been buying from Europe, such as carbolic acid, phenol, benzol, aniline dyes, etc. He was appointed President of the Navy Consulting Board, for whom, he said, he made some forty-five inventions, "but they were pigeonholed, every one of them". Thus did Edison find that the Navy did not take kindly to civilian interference.
    In 1927 he started the Edison Botanic Research Company, founded with similar investment from Ford and Firestone with the object of finding a substitute for overseas-produced rubber. In the first year he tested no fewer than 3,327 possible plants, in the second year, over 1,400, eventually developing a variety of Golden Rod which grew to 14 ft (4.3 m) in height. However, all this effort and money was wasted, due to the discovery of synthetic rubber.
    In October 1929 he was present at Henry Ford's opening of his Dearborn Museum to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the incandescent lamp, including a replica of the Menlo Park laboratory. He was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and was elected to the American Academy of Sciences. He died in 1931 at his home, Glenmont; throughout the USA, lights were dimmed temporarily on the day of his funeral.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Member of the American Academy of Sciences. Congressional Gold Medal.
    Further Reading
    M.Josephson, 1951, Edison, Eyre \& Spottiswode.
    R.W.Clark, 1977, Edison, the Man who Made the Future, Macdonald \& Jane.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Edison, Thomas Alva

  • 9 head

    hed 1. noun
    1) (the top part of the human body, containing the eyes, mouth, brain etc; the same part of an animal's body: The stone hit him on the head; He scratched his head in amazement.) hode
    2) (a person's mind: An idea came into my head last night.) hode, sinn, hjerne
    3) (the height or length of a head: The horse won by a head.) hodelengde
    4) (the chief or most important person (of an organization, country etc): Kings and presidents are heads of state; ( also adjective) a head waiter; the head office.) (stats)overhode, hoved-, over-
    5) (anything that is like a head in shape or position: the head of a pin; The boy knocked the heads off the flowers.) hode, øverste del
    6) (the place where a river, lake etc begins: the head of the Nile.) kilde, utspring
    7) (the top, or the top part, of anything: Write your address at the head of the paper; the head of the table.) øverste del/trinn, (bord)ende
    8) (the front part: He walked at the head of the procession.) fremste del, spiss
    9) (a particular ability or tolerance: He has no head for heights; She has a good head for figures.) hode
    10) (a headmaster or headmistress: You'd better ask the Head.) rektor, skolestyrer
    11) ((for) one person: This dinner costs $10 a head.) pr. person/kuvert/snute
    12) (a headland: Beachy Head.) nes, odde, pynt
    13) (the foam on the top of a glass of beer etc.) skum(hatt)
    2. verb
    1) (to go at the front of or at the top of (something): The procession was headed by the band; Whose name headed the list?) lede, stå øverst/fremst/først
    2) (to be in charge of; to be the leader of: He heads a team of scientists investigating cancer.) stå i spissen for
    3) ((often with for) to (cause to) move in a certain direction: The explorers headed south; The boys headed for home; You're heading for disaster!) sette kursen mot, gå (noe) i møte
    4) (to put or write something at the beginning of: His report was headed `Ways of Preventing Industrial Accidents'.) sette som overskrift
    5) ((in football) to hit the ball with the head: He headed the ball into the goal.) heade, nikke, skalle
    •
    - - headed
    - header
    - heading
    - heads
    - headache
    - headband
    - head-dress
    - headfirst
    - headgear
    - headlamp
    - headland
    - headlight
    - headline
    - headlines
    - headlong
    - head louse
    - headmaster
    - head-on
    - headphones
    - headquarters
    - headrest
    - headscarf
    - headsquare
    - headstone
    - headstrong
    - headwind
    - above someone's head
    - go to someone's head
    - head off
    - head over heels
    - heads or tails?
    - keep one's head
    - lose one's head
    - make head or tail of
    - make headway
    - off one's head
    forstand
    --------
    leder
    --------
    sjef
    --------
    tittel
    --------
    ånd
    I
    subst. \/hed\/
    1) hode, skalle
    • get this into your head!
    dette må du ha klart for deg!, få dette inn i hodet!
    2) ( overført også) forstand, vett
    • use your head!
    3) ( overført også) liv
    4) sjef, leder, direktør, overhode, hovedmann
    5) rektor
    6) ledelse, spiss, front, tet (også militærvesen)
    7) person, individ
    8) stykke
    9) antall, bestand
    10) øverste del, topp, spiss, hode, kapittel, kapitél
    hun sto først\/øverst på listen
    hedersplassen, øverst ved bordet, ved bordenden
    11) hodeende, hodegjerde
    12) kilde, utspring
    13) hode, krone
    • the head of a nail \/ a hammer \/ an axe
    14) ( golf) hode
    15) forside (av mynt)
    16) ( på hjortedyr) horn, krone
    17) skum, skumhatt
    18) fløtelag (som legger seg oppå melk)
    19) ( overført) høydepunkt, vendepunkt, krise
    20) modenhet, (tiltagende) styrke\/kraft
    21) rubrikk, overskrift, tittel
    22) hovedpunkt, hovedavsnitt, moment, kapittel
    på dette punkt \/ i denne sak \/ i dette henseende
    23) kategori
    24) framdel, forreste del, fremre del, spiss
    25) ( sjøfart) baug, forende, forstavn
    27) ( teknikk) vanntrykk, fallhøyde, trykkhøyde
    28) ( teknikk) stigerør, støpehode (om støping)
    29) ( gruvedrift) stoll
    30) ( musikk e.l.) hodetone, falsett
    be at the head of something stå i spissen for noe
    bang one's head against a brick\/stone wall ( overført) renne hodet\/pannen mot en mur
    bite\/snap somebody's head off være forbannet på noen
    bring matters to a head tvinge frem en avgjørelse, fremkalle en krise
    by a head med et hode \/ en hodehøyde, med en hodelengde
    by the head and ears etter hårene umotivert
    come into one's head slå en, falle en inn
    come\/draw\/gather\/grow to a head gå mot krise, tilspisse seg
    crowned head kronet hode, monark
    do it \/ work it out in one's head regne det ut i hodet
    be down by the head ( om skip e.l.) ligge med baugen ned, synke med forskipet
    drag in by the head and shoulders ta opp helt umotivert (i samtale)
    eat one's head off ( hverdagslig) spise seg stappmett, lange i seg
    enter one's head falle en inn
    det falt meg aldri inn, jeg tenkte aldri på det
    fall head over heels falle hodestups
    fly head over heels fly hals over hode
    from head to heel\/foot fra topp til tå, fra isse til fotsåle
    gather head samle krefter, komme til krefter
    get it into one's head få det for seg, få den idé
    • whatever put that into your head?
    hvordan kom du på den tanken\/idéen?
    get\/put it out of your head! slå det fra deg!, glem det!, slå tanken ut av hodet!
    get one's head down (britisk, hverdagslig) sovne (inn), legge seg konsentrere seg om (en oppgave)
    give somebody head (vulgært, praktisere munnsex på) suge noen, sokke noen, slikke noen
    give somebody his head ( overført) gi noen frie tøyler, gi noen frie hender, gi noen fritt spillerom
    give the horse his head gi hesten frie tøyler\/tømmer
    go to one's head gå til hodet på noen, gjøre noen innbilsk
    ( om alkohol) gi rusvirkning, gå til hodet på noen
    have \/ not have a head for something ha\/mangle sans for noe, være flink\/dårlig til noe
    ha forretningssans\/forretningsteft
    • he has a good\/poor head for figures
    han er flink\/dårlig med tall
    jeg tåler ikke å være i høyden, jeg har lett for å bli svimmel i høyden
    have an old head on young shoulders være moden for sin alder
    have ones' head turned by sucess la suksessen gå en til hodet
    be head and shoulders above rage høyt over
    kollegaene når ham ikke til skulderen, han rager høyt over sine kollegaer
    head and shoulders portrait portrett i halvfigur, brystbilde
    head first\/foremost falle på hodet, falle på nesen, gå på hodet, gå på nesen
    head of a cask bunn av en tønne \/ et fat
    a head of flax linhår (om meget lyshåret barn), lyslugg
    head of hair hår(vekst)
    head of the river ( sport) best i kapproingen
    head over heels eller over head and ears til opp over ørene
    heads I win, tails you lose! ( spøkefullt) du har ikke en sjanse!
    heads or tails? krone eller mynt?
    heads will roll ( overført) hodene kommer til rulle
    it gave me a head ( hverdagslig) jeg fikk hodepine\/tømmermenn av det
    keep head against holde stand mot
    keep one's head bevare fatningen, holde hodet kaldt
    keep one's head above water holde hodet over vannet
    laugh\/scream one's head off ( hverdagslig) le seg i hjel, le seg fordervet
    lay\/put heads together stikke hodene sammen
    lie head to foot\/tail ligge andføttes (dvs. med føttene vendt mot hverandre)
    lose one's head miste hodet, miste livet, bli halshogget ( overført) miste hodet, miste fatningen, bli sint, bli hisssig
    make\/gain head gå\/rykke frem, avansere, gjøre fremskritt
    make head against gjøre motstand mot, sette seg tvert imot
    make head upon få forsprang på
    not make head or tail of something ( hverdagslig) ikke begripe et kvekk av noe
    off one's head ( hverdagslig) sprø, opprørt, opphisset
    off the top of one's head ( hverdagslig) uforberedt, på stående fot
    on one's head ( hverdagslig) som ingenting, som fot i hose, ingen sak
    on your own head be it! det må du ta på din egen kappe!, det må du stå til regnskap for!, det må du ta ansvaret for!
    be out of one's head ( hverdagslig) være helt fra seg (av sinne)
    over somebody's head ( overført) over noens forstand, over hodet på noen
    • it is\/goes over my head
    gå forbi noen, til fortrengsel for noen
    per head eller a head pr. person, pr. snute
    • they paid £20 a head a
    poor head dårlig forstand
    pull one's head in ikke stikke nesen sin i, passe sine egne saker
    put something out of somebody's head få noen til å gi opp tanken på noe, få noen fra noe
    raise one's head ( overført) reise hodet (igjen), rette ryggen
    roar one's head off le seg fordervet, le seg i hjel
    shake one's head over something riste på hodet av noe
    stand at the head of the poll ha fått flest stemmer
    take it into one's head få det for seg
    talking head (amer., hverdagslig) forklaring: nyhetsoppleser eller annen person på TV som bare har hodet synlig på skjermen
    • he's not just a talking head, he's a good journalist, too
    han er ikke bare nyhetsoppleser, han er en god journalist også
    talk somebody's head off ( hverdagslig) snakke hull i hodet på noen
    turn head over heels slå kollbøtte, slå stift
    turn someone's head gjøre noen svimmel gjøre noen innbilsk
    two heads are better than one to hoder tenker bedre enn ett, det lønner seg å samarbeide
    under the head of under rubrikken
    you cannot expect an old head on young shoulders ungdom og visdom følges sjelden
    II
    verb \/hed\/
    1) være anfører for, lede, stå i spissen for, gå i spissen for
    2) gi overskrift, gi tittel, rubrisere, ordne i rubrikker
    • a document headed «Most important»
    et dokument med overskriften «Svært viktig
    3) gå foran, gå forbi
    4) overtreffe, overgå, slå
    5) vende, styre
    6) ( fotball) nikke, skalle, heade
    7) sette hode på (i ulike betydninger)
    8) ( også head down) beskjære i toppen (f.eks. et tre)
    9) innhente (ved å ta en snarvei)
    10) ( overført) komme i forkjøpet
    11) rykke frem mot, stevne frem mot, gå i mot, møte, angripe, seile mot
    12) styre, sette kurs, holde kurs, ha kurs, ligge an
    • how does the ship head?
    13) (spesielt amer.) ha sitt utspring (om elv)
    headed for på vei mot, på vei til
    be headed for styre mot, sette kursen mot
    head for\/towards styre mot, sette kurs mot, holde kurs mot, ha kurs mot
    be heading for ( overført) gå i møte
    være på (god) vei mot
    head off styre\/lede i en annen retning
    stanse, sperre veien for
    ( overført) avverge, forhindre
    head the bill ( overført) være den største attraksjonen
    head the list stå øverst på listen
    head the table ha hedersplassen, sitte øverst ved bordet
    III
    adj. \/hed\/
    1) hoved-
    2) første, viktigste, ledende
    3) over-
    overlærer, rektor
    4) mot-
    head boy den flinkeste i klassen (eller på skolen), duksen i klassen (eller på skolen)

    English-Norwegian dictionary > head

  • 10 head

    head [hed]
    tête ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b), 1 (e), 1 (i), 1 (j), 1 (l), 1 (n), 1 (p), 1 (v) mal de tête ⇒ 1 (f) chef ⇒ 1 (g) côté face ⇒ 1 (k) être à la tête de ⇒ 2 (a) être en tête de ⇒ 2 (b) diriger ⇒ 2 (c) intituler ⇒ 2 (d) aller ⇒ 3 principal ⇒ 4 (a) premier ⇒ 4 (b)
    (pl sense (l) inv)
    1 noun
    (a) (of human, animal) tête f;
    ∎ she has a fine head of hair elle a de très beaux cheveux ou une très belle chevelure;
    ∎ he's already a head taller than his mother il dépasse déjà sa mère d'une tête;
    ∎ Horseracing to win by a head gagner d'une tête;
    ∎ from head to toe or foot de la tête aux pieds;
    ∎ he was covered in mud from head to toe or foot il était couvert de boue de la tête aux pieds;
    ∎ she was dressed in black from head to toe or foot elle était tout en noir ou entièrement vêtue de noir;
    ∎ to fall head over heels tomber la tête la première;
    ∎ to fall head over heels in love with sb tomber éperdument amoureux de qn;
    ∎ to have one's head in the clouds avoir la tête dans les nuages;
    ∎ he wanders around with his head in the clouds il est toujours dans les nuages;
    ∎ wine always goes to my head le vin me monte toujours à la tête;
    ∎ all this praise has gone to his head toutes ces louanges lui ont tourné la tête;
    ∎ to give a horse its head lâcher la bride à un cheval;
    ∎ figurative give him his head and put him in charge lâchez-lui la bride et laissez-le prendre des responsabilités;
    ∎ to stand on one's head faire le poirier;
    ∎ familiar I could do it standing on my head c'est simple comme bonjour;
    ∎ that's the kind of thing he could do standing on his head c'est le genre de choses qu'il peut faire les yeux fermés;
    ∎ familiar she's got her head screwed on (the right way) elle a la tête sur les épaules;
    ∎ the girl's got a good head on her shoulders cette fille a la tête sur les épaules;
    ∎ he's an old head on young shoulders il est très mûr pour son âge;
    ∎ figurative she's head and shoulders above the rest les autres ne lui arrivent pas à la cheville;
    ∎ familiar to laugh one's head off rire à gorge déployée;
    ∎ familiar to shout or to scream one's head off crier à tue-tête;
    ∎ they'll have your head (on a plate) for this ils auront ta tête pour ça;
    ∎ heads will roll des têtes tomberont;
    ∎ American heads up! attention la tête!;
    ∎ American familiar to give sb a heads up tuyauter qn
    (b) (mind, thoughts) tête f;
    ∎ to do sums in one's head calculer de tête;
    ∎ to take it into one's head to do sth se mettre en tête de faire qch;
    ∎ the idea never entered my head ça ne m'est jamais venu à l'esprit;
    ∎ don't put silly ideas into his head ne lui mettez pas des idées stupides en tête;
    ∎ to get sth into one's head se mettre qch dans la tête;
    ∎ I can't get these dates into my head je n'arrive pas à retenir ces dates;
    ∎ she got it into her head that she was being persecuted elle s'est mis en tête ou dans l'idée qu'on la persécutait;
    ∎ I can't get that into his head je n'arrive pas à le lui faire comprendre;
    ∎ the answer has gone right out of my head j'ai complètement oublié la réponse;
    ∎ I think he made it up out of his own head je crois que c'est lui qui a inventé ça;
    ∎ familiar use your head! fais travailler tes méninges!;
    ∎ familiar it's doing my head in! ça me tape sur le système!, ça me prend la tête!;
    ∎ familiar I just can't get my head round the idea that she's gone je n'arrive vraiment pas à me faire à l'idée qu'elle est partie;
    ∎ familiar to get one's head straight or together se ressaisir
    ∎ to have a good head for business avoir le sens des affaires, s'entendre aux affaires;
    ∎ she has no head for business elle n'a pas le sens des affaires;
    ∎ in my job, you need a good head for figures pour faire mon métier, il faut savoir manier les chiffres;
    ∎ to have a (good) head for heights ne pas avoir le vertige;
    ∎ I've no head for heights j'ai le vertige
    (d) (clear thinking, common sense)
    ∎ keep your head! gardez votre calme!, ne perdez pas la tête!;
    ∎ to keep a cool head garder la tête froide;
    ∎ you'll need a clear head in the morning vous aurez besoin d'avoir l'esprit clair demain matin;
    ∎ to let one's head be ruled by one's heart laisser son cœur gouverner sa raison;
    ∎ British familiar he's off his head il est malade, il n'est pas net;
    ∎ familiar he's not quite right in the head, he's a bit soft in the head il est un peu timbré;
    ∎ familiar to be out of one's head (drunk) être bourré; (on drugs) être défoncé
    (e) (intelligence, ability) tête f;
    ∎ we'll have to put our heads together and find a solution nous devrons nous y mettre ensemble pour trouver une solution;
    ∎ off the top of my head, I'd say it would cost about £1,500 à vue de nez, je dirais que ça coûte dans les 1500 livres;
    ∎ I don't know off the top of my head je ne sais pas, il faudrait que je vérifie;
    ∎ she made some figures up off the top of her head elle a inventé des chiffres;
    ∎ he's talking off the top of his head il raconte n'importe quoi;
    ∎ her lecture was completely over my head sa conférence m'a complètement dépassé;
    ∎ to talk over sb's head s'exprimer de manière trop compliquée pour qn;
    ∎ proverb two heads are better than one deux avis valent mieux qu'un
    (f) familiar (headache) mal m de tête□ ;
    ∎ I've got a bit of a head this morning j'ai un peu mal à la tête ce matin
    (g) (chief, boss → of police, government, family) chef m; (→ of school, company) directeur(trice) m,f;
    ∎ the European heads of government les chefs mpl de gouvernement européens;
    ∎ the crowned heads of Europe les têtes fpl couronnées de l'Europe;
    ∎ head of department (in school) chef m de département; (in company) chef m de service
    (h) (authority, responsibility)
    ∎ she went over my head to the president elle est allée voir le président sans me consulter;
    ∎ they were promoted over my head ils ont été promus avant moi;
    ∎ on your (own) head be it! c'est toi qui en prends la responsabilité!, à tes risques et périls!;
    ∎ literary his blood will be upon your head la responsabilité de sa mort pèsera sur vos épaules
    (i) (top → of racquet, pin, hammer) tête f; (→ of staircase) haut m, tête f; (→ of bed) chevet m, tête f; (→ of arrow) pointe f; (→ of page) tête f; (→ of letter) en-tête m; (→ of cane) pommeau m; (→ of valley) tête f; (→ of river) source f; (→ of mineshaft) bouche f; (→ of column, rocket, still) chapiteau m; (→ of torpedo) cône m; (→ of cask) fond m;
    ∎ at the head of the procession/queue en tête de (la) procession/de (la) queue;
    ∎ sitting at the head of the table assis au bout de la ou en tête de table;
    ∎ to be at the head of the list venir en tête de liste
    (j) Botany & Cookery (of corn) épi m; (of garlic) tête f, gousse f; (of celery) pied m; (of asparagus) pointe f; (of flower) tête f;
    ∎ a head of cauliflower un chou-fleur
    (k) (of coin) côté m face;
    ∎ heads or tails? pile ou face?;
    ∎ I can't make head nor tail of this pour moi ça n'a ni queue ni tête;
    ∎ familiar humorous heads I win, tails you lose pile je gagne, face tu perds;
    ∎ it's a case of heads I win, tails you lose de toutes les façons je suis gagnant
    (l) (of livestock) tête f;
    ∎ 50 head of cattle 50 têtes de bétail
    (m) (in prices, donations)
    ∎ tickets cost £50 a head les billets valent 50 livres par personne
    (n) Electronics (of tape recorder, VCR, disk drive) tête f
    ∎ to win the scrum against the head prendre le ballon à l'adversaire sur son introduction
    (p) (title → of chapter) tête f;
    ∎ under this head sous ce titre;
    ∎ heads of agreement (draft) protocole m d'accord
    (q) Typography en-tête m
    (r) (on beer) mousse f; (on fermenting liquid) chapeau m
    (s) Physics (of fluid, gas) charge f, pression f;
    ∎ loss of head perte f de pression;
    ∎ head of water charge f ou pression f d'eau;
    ∎ figurative to get up or to work up a head of steam s'énerver
    (t) (of drum) peau f
    (u) (of ship) proue f
    (v) Medicine (of abscess, spot) tête f;
    ∎ to come to a head (abscess, spot) mûrir; figurative (problem) arriver au point critique;
    ∎ his resignation brought things to a head sa démission a précipité les choses
    ∎ to give sb head tailler une pipe à qn
    (x) American familiar or Nautical (toilet) toilettes□ fpl;
    ∎ I'm going to the head je vais pisser
    (a) (command → group, organization) être à la tête de; (→ project, revolt) diriger, être à la tête de; (chair → discussion) mener; (→ commission) présider;
    ∎ she headed the attack on the Government's economic policy elle menait l'attaque contre la politique économique du gouvernement
    (b) (be first in, on) être ou venir en tête de;
    ∎ Madrid heads the list of Europe's most interesting cities Madrid vient ou s'inscrit en tête des villes les plus intéressantes d'Europe;
    ∎ Sport she headed the pack from the start elle était en tête du peloton dès le départ
    (c) (steer → vehicle) diriger; (→ person) guider, diriger;
    ∎ we headed the sheep down the hill nous avons fait descendre les moutons de la colline;
    ∎ they are heading the country into chaos ils conduisent le pays au chaos;
    ∎ just head me towards the nearest bar dirigez-moi vers le bar le plus proche;
    ∎ where are you headed? où vas-tu?;
    ∎ Nautical to head a ship westwards mettre le cap à l'ouest
    (d) (provide title for) intituler; (be title of) être en tête de;
    ∎ the essay is headed 'Democracy' l'essai s'intitule ou est intitulé 'Démocratie'
    (e) Football (ball) jouer de la tête;
    ∎ he headed the ball into the goal il a marqué de la tête
    (f) old-fashioned (skirt around → lake) contourner par l'amont; (→ river) contourner par sa source
    (g) (plant) écimer, étêter
    (car, crowd, person) aller, se diriger; Nautical mettre le cap sur;
    ∎ where are you heading? où vas-tu?;
    ∎ you're heading in the right direction vous allez dans la bonne direction;
    ∎ I'm going to head home je vais rentrer;
    ∎ the train headed into/out of a tunnel le train est entré dans un/sorti d'un tunnel
    (a) (main → person) principal
    ►► head barman chef m barman;
    British School head boy = élève chargé d'un certain nombre de responsabilités et qui représente son école aux cérémonies publiques;
    head cashier chef m caissier;
    head chef chef m de cuisine;
    Commerce head clerk premier commis m, chef m de bureau;
    head cold rhume m de cerveau;
    head count vérification f du nombre de personnes présentes;
    ∎ the teacher did a head count la maîtresse a compté les élèves;
    head foreman chef m d'atelier;
    Mining head frame chevalement m;
    head gardener jardinier(ère) m,f en chef;
    Cars head gasket joint m de culasse;
    Technology head gate (of lock) porte f d'amont;
    British School head girl = élève chargée d'un certain nombre de responsabilités et qui représente son école aux cérémonies publiques;
    head housekeeper (in hotel) gouvernante f générale;
    head louse pou m;
    head office siège m social, bureau m central;
    ∎ it's British head office or American the head office on the phone c'est le siège au téléphone;
    head porter (in hotel) chef-portier m; (in university college) appariteur m principal;
    (a) (in rowing) tête-de-rivière f
    (b) Technology canal m de prise ou d'amenée; (of water mill) bief m d'amont;
    head receptionist chef m de réception;
    Music head register voix f de tête;
    British Cars head restraint appuie-tête m, repose-tête m;
    Television & Cinema head shot gros plan m de tête;
    head start (lead) avance f; (advantage) avantage m;
    ∎ he had a ten-minute head start over the others il a commencé dix minutes avant les autres;
    ∎ I got a head start j'ai pris de l'avance sur les autres;
    ∎ go on, I'll give you a head start allez, vas-y, je te donne un peu d'avance;
    ∎ being bilingual gives her a head start over the others étant bilingue, elle est avantagée par rapport aux autres;
    head of state chef m d'État;
    School head teacher (man) proviseur m, directeur m, chef m d'établissement; (woman) directrice f, chef m d'établissement;
    head torch lampe f frontale;
    Music head voice voix f de tête;
    head waiter maître m d'hôtel;
    British School head of year conseiller(ère) m,f (principal(e)) d'éducation
    rentrer, retourner;
    ∎ we headed back to the office nous sommes retournés au bureau;
    ∎ when are you heading back? quand comptez-vous rentrer?
    (of car, person) se diriger vers; Nautical mettre le cap sur;
    ∎ where are you headed for? où vas-tu?;
    ∎ she headed for home elle rentra (à la maison);
    ∎ the country is heading for civil war le pays va droit à la guerre civile;
    ∎ he's heading for trouble il va s'attirer des ennuis;
    ∎ figurative to be heading for a fall courir à l'échec;
    ∎ familiar to head for the hills filer
    (a) (divert → animal, vehicle, person) détourner de son chemin; (→ enemy) forcer à reculer;
    ∎ figurative she headed off all questions about her private life elle a éludé toute question sur sa vie privée
    (b) (crisis, disaster) prévenir, éviter; (rebellion, revolt, unrest) éviter
    partir;
    ∎ the children headed off to school les enfants sont partis pour ou à l'école
    (be leader of) diriger

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > head

  • 11 By, Lieutenant-Colonel John

    SUBJECT AREA: Canals
    [br]
    b. 7 (?) August 1779 Lambeth, London, England
    d. 1 February 1836 Frant, Sussex, England
    [br]
    English Engineer-in-Charge of the construction of the Rideau Canal, linking the St Lawrence and Ottawa Rivers in Canada.
    [br]
    Admitted in 1797 as a Gentleman Cadet in the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich, By was commissioned on 1 August 1799 as a second lieutenant in the Royal Artillery, but was soon transferred to the Royal Engineers. Posted to Plymouth upon the development of the fortifications, he was further posted to Canada, arriving there in August 1802.
    In 1803 By was engaged in canal work, assisting Captain Bruyères in the construction of a short canal (1,500 ft (460 m) long) at the Cascades on the Grand, now the Ottawa, River. In 1805 he was back at the Cascades repairing ice damage caused during the previous winter. He was promoted Captain in 1809. Meanwhile he worked on the fortifications of Quebec and in 1806–7 he built a scale model of the Citadel, which is now in the National War Museum of Canada. He returned to England in 1810 and served in Portugal in 1811. Back in England at the end of the year, he was appointed Royal Engineer Officer in charge at the Waltham Abbey Gunpowder Works on 1 January 1812 and later planned the new Small Arms Factory at Enfield; both works were on the navigable River Lee.
    In the post-Napoleonic period Major By, as he then was, retired on half-pay but was promoted to Lieu tenant-Colonel on 2 December 1824. Eighteen months later, in March 1826, he returned to Canada on active duty to build the Rideau Canal. This was John By's greatest work. It was conceived after the American war of 1812–14 as a connection for vessels to reach Kingston and the Great Lakes from Montreal while avoiding possible attack from the United States forces. Ships would pass up the Ottawa River using the already-constructed locks and bypass channels and then travel via a new canal cut through virgin forest southwards to the St Lawrence at Kingston. By based his operational headquarters at the Ottawa River end of the new works and in a forest clearing he established a small settlement. Because of the regard in which By was held, this settlement became known as By town. In 1855, long after By's death, the settlement was designated by Queen Victoria as capital of United Canada (which was to become a self-governing Dominion in 1867) and renamed Ottawa; as a result of the presence of the national government, the growth of the town accelerated greatly.
    Between 1826–7 and 1832 the Rideau Canal was constructed. It included the massive engineering works of Jones Falls Dam (62 ft 6 in. (19 m) high) and 47 locks. By exercised an almost paternal care over those employed under his direction. The canal was completed in June 1832 at a cost of £800,000. By was summoned back to London to face virulent and unjust criticism from the Treasury. He was honoured in Canada but vilified by the British Government.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    R.F.Leggett, 1982, John By, Historical Society of Canada.
    —1976, Canals of Canada, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.
    —1972, Rideau Waterway, Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
    Bernard Pothier, 1978, "The Quebec Model", Canadian War Museum Paper 9, Ottawa: National Museums of Canada.
    JHB

    Biographical history of technology > By, Lieutenant-Colonel John

  • 12 Spínola, Antônio de

    (1910-1996)
       Senior army general, hero of Portugal's wars of African insurgency, and first president of the provisional government after the Revolution of 25 April 1974. A career army officer who became involved in politics after a long career of war service and administration overseas, Spinola had a role in the 1974 coup and revolution that was somewhat analogous to that of General Gomes da Costa in the 1926 coup.
       Spinola served in important posts as a volunteer in Portugal's intervention in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39), a military observer on the Russian front with the Third Reich's armed forces in World War II, and a top officer in the Guarda Nacional Republicana (GNR). His chief significance in contemporary affairs, however, came following his military assignments and tours of duty in Portugal's colonial wars in Africa after 1961.
       Spinola fought first in Angola and later in Guinea- Bissau, where, during 1968-73, he was both commanding general of Portugal's forces and high commissioner (administrator of the territory). His Guinean service tour was significant for at least two reasons: Spinola's dynamic influence upon a circle of younger career officers on his staff in Guinea, men who later joined together in the Armed Forces Movement (MFA), and Spinola's experience of failure in winning the Guinea war militarily or finding a political means for compromise or negotiation with the Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC), the African insurgent movement that had fought a war with Portugal since 1963, largely in the forested tropical interior of the territory. Spinola became discouraged after failure to win permission to negotiate secretly for a political solution to the war with the PAIGC and was reprimanded by Prime Minister Marcello Caetano.
       After his return—not in triumph—from Guinea in 1973, Spinola was appointed chief of staff of the armed forces, but he resigned in a dispute with the government. With the assistance of younger officers who also had African experience of costly but seemingly endless war, Spinola wrote a book, Portugal and the Future, which was published in February 1974, despite official censorship and red tape. Next to the Bible and editions of Luís de Camoes's The Lusi- ads, Spinola's controversial book was briefly the best-selling work in Portugal's modern age. While not intimately involved with the budding conspiracy among career army majors, captains, and others, Spinola was prepared to head such a movement, and the planners depended on his famous name and position as senior army officer with the right credentials to win over both military and civil opinion when and where it counted.
       When the Revolution of 25 April 1974 succeeded, Spinola was named head of the Junta of National Salvation and eventually provisional president of Portugal. Among the military revolutionaries, though, there was wide disagreement about the precise goals of the revolution and how to achieve them. Spinola's path-breaking book had subtly proposed three new goals: the democratization of authoritarian Portugal, a political solution to the African colonial wars, and liberalization of the economic system. The MFA immediately proclaimed, not coincidentally, the same goals, but without specifying the means to attain them.
       The officers who ran the newly emerging system fell out with Spinola over many issues, but especially over how to decolonize Portugal's besieged empire. Spinola proposed a gradualist policy that featured a free referendum by all colonial voters to decide between a loose federation with Portugal or complete independence. MFA leaders wanted more or less immediate decolonization, a transfer of power to leading African movements, and a pullout of Portugal's nearly 200,000 troops in three colonies. After a series of crises and arguments, Spinola resigned as president in September 1974. He conspired for a conservative coup to oust the leftists in power, but the effort failed in March 1975, and Spinola was forced to flee to Spain and then to Brazil. Some years later, he returned to Portugal, lived in quiet retirement, and could be seen enjoying horseback riding. In the early 1980s, he was promoted to the rank of marshal, in retirement.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Spínola, Antônio de

  • 13 Lesseps, Ferdinand de

    SUBJECT AREA: Canals
    [br]
    b. 19 November 1805 Versailles, France
    d. 7 December 1894 La Chesnaye, near Paris, France
    [br]
    French diplomat and canal entrepreneur.
    [br]
    Ferdinand de Lesseps was born into a family in the diplomatic service and it was intended that his should be his career also. He was educated at the Lycée Napoléon in Paris. In 1825, aged 20, he was appointed an attaché to the French consulate in Lisbon. In 1828 he went to the Consulate-General in Tunis and in 1831 was posted from there to Egypt, becoming French Consul in Cairo two years later. For his work there during the plague in 1836 he was awarded the Croix de Chevalier in the Légion d'honneur. During this time he became very friendly with Said Mohammed and the friendship was maintained over the years, although there were no expectations then that Said would occupy any great position of authority.
    De Lesseps then served in other countries. In 1841 he had thought about a canal from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea, and he brooded over the idea until 1854. In October of that year, having retired from the diplomatic service, he returned to Egypt privately. His friend Said became Viceroy and he readily agreed to the proposal to cut the canal. At first there was great international opposition to the idea, and in 1855 de Lesseps travelled to England to try to raise capital. Work finally started in 1859, but there were further delays following the death of Said Pasha in 1863. The work was completed in 1869 and the canal was formally opened by the Empress Eugenic on 20 November 1869. De Lesseps was fêted in France and awarded the Grand Croix de la Légion d'honneur.
    He subsequently promoted the project of the Corinth Canal, but his great ambition in his later years was to construct a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. This idea had been conceived by Spanish adventurers in 1514, but everyone felt the problems and cost would be too great. De Lesseps, riding high in popularity and with his charismatic character, convinced the public of the scheme's feasibility and was able to raise vast sums for the enterprise. He proposed a sea-level canal, which required the excavation of a 350 ft (107 m) cut through terrain; this eventually proved impossible, but work nevertheless started in 1881.
    In 1882 de Lesseps became first President d'-Honneur of the Syndicat des Entrepreneurs de Travaux Publics de France and was elected to the Chair of the French Academy in 1884. By 1891 the Panama Canal was in a disastrous financial crisis: a new company was formed, and because of the vast sums expended a financial investigation was made. The report led to de Lesseps, his son and several high-ranking government ministers and officials being charged with bribery and corruption, but de Lesseps was a very sick man and never appeared at the trial. He was never convicted, although others were, and he died soon after, at the age of 89, at his home.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Croix de Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur 1836; Grand Croix 1869.
    Further Reading
    John S.Pudney, 1968, Suez. De Lesseps' Canal, London: Dent.
    John Marlowe, 1964, The Making of the Suez Canal, London: Cresset.
    JHB

    Biographical history of technology > Lesseps, Ferdinand de

  • 14 head

    adj. belangrijkste, hoofdzaak
    --------
    n. hoofd; (in computers) kop, het onderdeel dat leest van, en schrijft naar de harde schijf of diskettes
    --------
    v. leiden, aan het hoofd staan; afstoten
    head1
    [ hed] 〈zelfstandig naamwoord; meervoud: in betekenis 0.15 head〉
    1  hoofd ⇒ kop, hoofdlengte
    2  hoofd ⇒ verstand
    3  kop ⇒ afbeelding van een hoofd; 〈 voornamelijk meervoud〉 kruis
    4  persoon ⇒ hoofd
    5 〈 benaming voor〉 uiteinde ⇒ kop
    6 〈 plantkunde〉 hoofdje ⇒ korfje, kruin, krop
    7  schuim(kraag) ⇒ kop 〈 op bier〉
    8  top ⇒ bovenkant
    9 (opname/wis)kop 〈van band/videorecorder〉
    12  opschrift ⇒ hoofd, kop
    13  voorkant ⇒ kop, spits, hoofd 〈 ook van ploeg〉
    14  meerdere ⇒ leider, hoofd
    15  stuk (vee) ⇒ 〈 Brits-Engels〉 kudde, aantal dieren
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   head and shoulders above • met kop en schouders erbovenuit; 〈 figuurlijk〉 verreweg de beste
         have something hanging over one's head • iets boven het hoofd hebben hangen 〈 voornamelijk figuurlijk〉
         head first/foremost • voorover
         taller by a head • een kop groter
    2   it never entered/came into his head • het kwam niet bij hem op
         get/take something into one's head • zich iets in het hoofd zetten
         the success has gone to/turned his head • het succes is hem naar het hoofd gestegen
         put one's heads together • de koppen bij elkaar steken
         put something into someone's head • iemand iets suggereren
         that is above/over my head • dat gaat boven mijn pet
         a head for mathematics • een wiskundeknobbel
         off/out of one's head • gek, niet goed bij zijn verstand
    3   heads or tails? • kruis of munt?
    4   £1 a head • £1 per persoon
    10  that brought the matter to a head • daarmee werd de zaak op de spits gedreven
         come to a head • een kritiek punt bereiken
    14  head of state • staatshoofd
    15  50 head of cattle • 50 stuks vee
    have one's head in the clouds • met het hoofd in de wolken lopen
         bang one's head against a brick wall • met het hoofd tegen de muur lopen
         head over ears/heels • tot over zijn oren
         from head to foot • van top tot teen
         bury one's head in the sand • de kop in het zand steken
         I could not make head or tail of it • ik kon er geen touw aan vastknopen
         keep one's head above water • het hoofd boven water houden
         beat/knock someone's head off • iemand totaal verslaan
         bite/snap someone's head off • iemand afsnauwen
         eat one's head off • eten als een wolf
         〈 slang〉 give someone head • iemand beffen/pijpen
         hold one's head high • z'n hoofd niet laten hangen
         keep one's head • zijn kalmte bewaren
         keep one's head down • zich gedekt houden
         〈 Brits-Engels〉 knock on the head • een spaak in het wiel steken
         laugh one's head off • zich een ongeluk lachen
         lose one's head • 〈 figuurlijk〉 het hoofd verliezen
         scream/shout one's head off • vreselijk tekeergaan
         have one's head screwed on straight/right • verstandig zijn, niet gek zijn
         she could do it standing on her head • het was voor haar een fluitje van een cent
         〈 informeel〉 have a swelled/swollen head • verwaand zijn
         be promoted over one's head • gepasseerd worden
    → old old/, right right/, sore sore/, two two/
    ————————
    head2
    1  gaan ⇒ gericht zijn, koers zetten
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   we headed back • wij gingen terug
         the plane headed north • het vliegtuig zette koers naar het noorden
    → head for head for/
    4 〈 voetbal〉 koppen
    5  richten ⇒ sturen
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   the general headed the revolt • de generaal leidde de opstand
         the procession was headed by the mounted police • de stoet werd voorafgegaan door de bereden politie
    → head off head off/

    English-Dutch dictionary > head

  • 15 escala

    Del verbo escalar: ( conjugate escalar) \ \
    escala es: \ \
    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo
    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo
    Multiple Entries: escala     escalar
    escala sustantivo femenino 1 ( en general) scale;
    ◊ escala centígrada/Fahrenheit centigrade o Celsius/Fahrenheit scale;
    escala de valores set of values; escala musical (musical) scale; la escala social the social scale; hecho a escala done to scale; a gran escala on a large scale 2 (Aviac, Náut) stopover;
    escalar ( conjugate escalar) verbo transitivo ‹montaña/pared› to climb, scale; (en jerarquía, clasificación) to climb (up) verbo intransitivo (Dep) to climb, go climbing
    escala sustantivo femenino
    1 (serie, gradación) scale: la maqueta se realizó a escala, the model was made to scale
    la escala decimal, decimal scale
    2 (de colores) range
    escala de valores, set of values
    3 (parada provisional) Náut port of call Av stopover: el avión hace escala en Barcelona, the plane stops over in Barcelona
    escala técnica, refuelling stop
    4 (escalera portátil) ladder, stepladder
    5 (clasificación del personal de una empresa) position: subió de escala en la organización, he was promoted to a higher position in the company
    6 (Mús) scale: tocó una escala muy alta, difícil de seguir con la voz, she played a very high scale which was difficult to sing
    escalar
    I verbo transitivo to climb, scale
    II adjetivo Elec Locuciones: magnitud escalar, scalar quantitity ' escala' also found in these entries: Spanish: bastante - do - fa - la - re - sol - abajo - arriba - descendente - mayor - modelo - nivel - tarifa English: call in - full-scale - grade - kit - ladder - large-scale - model - nationally - nationwide - originate - point - port of call - price range - put in - range - Richter scale - rise - scale - scale down - sliding scale - small-scale - stop - stop off - stop over - stopover - wholesale - country - full - global - put - rope - sliding - time

    English-spanish dictionary > escala

  • 16 Gaskill, Harvey Freeman

    [br]
    b. 19 January 1845 Royalton, New York, USA
    d. 1 April 1889 Lockport, New York, USA
    [br]
    American mechanical engineer, inventor of the water-pumping engine with flywheel and reciprocating pumps.
    [br]
    Gaskill's father was a farmer near New York, where the son attended the local schools until he was 16 years old. At the age of 13 he already showed his mechanical aptitude by inventing a revolving hayrake, which was not exploited because the family had no money. His parents moved to Lockport, New York, where Harvey became a student at Lockport Union School and then the Poughkeepsie Commercial College, from which he graduated in 1866. After a period in his uncle's law office, he entered the firm of Penfield, Martin \& Gaskill to manufacture a patent clock. Then he was involved in a planing mill and a sash-and-blind manufactory. He devised a clothes spinner and a horse hayrake, but he did not manufacture them. In 1873 he became a draughtsman in the Holly Manufacturing Company in Lockport, which made pumping machinery for waterworks. He was promoted first to Engineer and then to Superintendent of the company in 1877. In 1885 he became a member of the Board of Directors and Vice-President. But for his untimely death, he might have become President. He was also a director of several other manufacturing concerns, public utilities and banks. In 1882 he produced a pump driven by a Woolf compound engine, which was the first time that rotary power with a crank and flywheel had been applied in waterworks. His design was more compact, more economical and lower in cost than previous types and gave the Holly Company a considerable advantage for a time over their main rivals, the Worthington Pump \& Machinery Company. These steam pumps became very popular in the United States and the type was also adopted in Britain.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    As well as obituaries appearing in many American engineering journals on Gaskill's death, there is an entry in the Dictionary of American Biography, 1931, Vol. VII, New York, C.Scribner's Sons.
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Gaskill, Harvey Freeman

  • 17 promote

    [prəʹməʋt] v
    1. продвигать; повышать в чине или звании

    to be promoted over the head of other persons - продвинуться по службе, обойдя других

    he was promoted captain /to the rank of captain, to be a captain/ - ему присвоили звание капитана

    2. 1) способствовать, содействовать, поддерживать, поощрять

    to promote trade - содействовать развитию торговли, поощрять развитие торговли

    to promote a scheme [a bill in Parliament] - содействовать продвижению плана [законопроекта в парламенте]; (всячески) поддерживать план [законопроект в парламенте]

    to promote international understanding - содействовать взаимопониманию между народами

    to promote general welfare - способствовать обеспечению общего благосостояния

    2) возбуждать; стимулировать; активизировать

    to promote disorder [ill-will] - возбуждать беспорядки [недоброжелательность]

    3. переводить в следующий класс ( ученика)
    4. учреждать

    to promote an enterprise [a company] - учредить предприятие [общество]

    5. рекламировать; содействовать продаже какого-л. товара
    6. шахм. продвигать пешку
    7. сл. красть, воровать; раздобывать
    8. мед. способствовать, провоцировать; активировать; стимулировать; ускорять

    НБАРС > promote

  • 18 rank

    I 1. ræŋk noun
    1) (a line or row (especially of soldiers or taxis): The officer ordered the front rank to fire.) linje, rekke
    2) ((in the army, navy etc) a person's position of importance: He was promoted to the rank of sergeant/colonel.) grad, rang
    3) (a social class: the lower social ranks.) sosialgruppe/-klasse, stand
    2. verb
    (to have, or give, a place in a group, according to importance: I would rank him among our greatest writers; Apes rank above dogs in intelligence.) stille, regne, rangere
    II ræŋk adjective
    1) (complete; absolute: rank stupidity; The race was won by a rank outsider.) totalt, regelrett
    2) (unpleasantly stale and strong: a rank smell of tobacco.) stram, ekkel
    •
    rad
    --------
    rang
    --------
    rangere
    --------
    rekke
    I
    subst. \/ræŋk\/
    1) rekke
    2) ( overført) rekke
    3) ( militærvesen) (ge)ledd, rekke
    4) ( militærvesen) rang, grad
    5) (sosial) rang, (samfunns)klasse, stand
    6) ( overført) rang
    7) ( EDB) nivåtall
    8) ( sjakk) rad
    break rank(s) ( også overført) bryte ut av rekken
    close ranks about somebody slutte opp om noen
    front rank ( militærvesen) forreste rekke, fremste ledd
    the inferior ranks ( militærvesen) de lavere gradene
    in the front rank ( overført) i forreste rekke, førsteklasses, blant de fremste
    keep rank(s) holde rekken
    other ranks (britisk, militærvesen) korporaler og menige
    persons of rank standpersoner, fornemt folk
    pull (one's) rank (on somebody) ( hverdagslig) utnytte sin stilling (for å kommandere noen), bruke sin innflytelse
    the ranks are thinning det tynnes i rekkene
    rear rank ( militærvesen) bakre rekke
    reduce somebody to the ranks ( militærvesen) degradere noen til menig
    rise from\/through the ranks ( militærvesen) forfremmes fra de meniges rekker ( overført) arbeide seg frem
    superior ranks ( militærvesen) høyere grader
    take rank of ha høyere rang enn
    take rank with være i klasse med, stille seg i klasse med
    taxi rank drosjeholdeplass
    the rank and file vanlige mennesker
    the ranks ( militærvesen) de menige
    II
    verb \/ræŋk\/
    1) stille i\/på rekke, stille på geledd
    2) ordne
    3) gradere, klassifisere, vurdere, plassere, sette, rangere, rangordne
    4) (amer.) ha høyere grad\/rang enn, rangere høyere enn
    5) ligge som, være rangert som
    III
    adj. \/ræŋk\/
    1) altfor yppig, altfor frodig, overgrodd, tettvoksende, overvokst
    2) ram, stram, illeluktende, stinkende
    3) ( om språk) vulgært, motbydelig
    4) regelrett, ren, fullstendig
    • rank lunacy\/nonsense
    5) åpenbar, tydelig

    English-Norwegian dictionary > rank

  • 19 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 20 go

    Ⅰ.
    go1 [gəʊ]
    (game) jeu m de go
    Ⅱ.
    go2 [gəʊ]
    aller ⇒ 1A (a)-(c), 1A (e), 1A (f), 1E (a)-(c), 1G (a), 2 (a) s'en aller ⇒ 1A (d) être ⇒ 1B (a) devenir ⇒ 1B (b) tomber en panne ⇒ 1B (c) s'user ⇒ 1B (d) se détériorer ⇒ 1B (e) commencer ⇒ 1C (a) aller (+ infinitif) ⇒ 1C (b), 1C (c) marcher ⇒ 1C (d) disparaître ⇒ 1D (a), 1D (c) se passer ⇒ 1E (d) s'écouler ⇒ 1E (e) s'appliquer ⇒ 1F (b) se vendre ⇒ 1F (e) contribuer ⇒ 1G (c) aller ensemble ⇒ 1H (a) tenir le coup ⇒ 1H (c) faire ⇒ 2 (b), 2 (c) coup ⇒ 3 (a) essai ⇒ 3 (a) tour ⇒ 3 (b) dynamisme ⇒ 3 (c)
    (pl goes [gəʊz], 3rd pres sing goes [gəʊz], pt went [went], pp gone [gɒn])
    A.
    (a) (move, travel → person) aller; (→ vehicle) aller, rouler;
    ∎ we're going to Paris/Japan/Spain nous allons à Paris/au Japon/en Espagne;
    ∎ he went to the office/a friend's house il est allé au bureau/chez un ami;
    ∎ I want to go home je veux rentrer;
    ∎ the salesman went from house to house le vendeur est allé de maison en maison;
    ∎ we went by car/on foot nous y sommes allés en voiture/à pied;
    ∎ there goes the train! voilà le train (qui passe)!;
    ∎ the bus goes by way of or through Dover le bus passe par Douvres;
    ∎ does this train go to Glasgow? ce train va-t-il à Glasgow?;
    ∎ the truck was going at 150 kilometres an hour le camion roulait à ou faisait du 150 kilomètres (à l')heure;
    ∎ go behind those bushes va derrière ces arbustes;
    ∎ where do we go from here? où va-t-on maintenant?; figurative qu'est-ce qu'on fait maintenant?;
    ∎ to go to the doctor aller voir ou aller chez le médecin;
    ∎ he went straight to the director il est allé directement voir ou trouver le directeur;
    ∎ to go to prison aller en prison;
    ∎ to go to the toilet aller aux toilettes;
    ∎ to go to sb for advice aller demander conseil à qn;
    ∎ let the children go first laissez les enfants passer devant, laissez passer les enfants d'abord;
    ∎ I'll go next c'est à moi après;
    ∎ who goes next? (in game) c'est à qui (le tour)?;
    ∎ Military who goes there? qui va là?, qui vive?;
    ∎ here we go again! ça y est, ça recommence!;
    ∎ there he goes! le voilà!;
    ∎ there he goes again! (there he is again) le revoilà!; (he's doing it again) ça y est, il est reparti!
    ∎ to go shopping aller faire des courses;
    ∎ to go fishing/hunting aller à la pêche/à la chasse;
    ∎ to go riding aller faire du cheval;
    ∎ let's go for a walk/bike ride/swim allons nous promener/faire un tour à vélo/nous baigner;
    ∎ they went on a trip ils sont partis en voyage;
    ∎ British go and buy the paper, American go buy the paper va acheter le journal;
    ∎ I'll go to see her or American go see her tomorrow j'irai la voir demain;
    ∎ don't go and tell him!, don't go telling him! ne va pas le lui dire!, ne le lui dis pas!;
    ∎ don't go bothering your sister ne va pas embêter ta sœur;
    ∎ you had to go and tell him! il a fallu que tu le lui dises!;
    ∎ he's gone and locked us out! il est parti et nous a laissé à la porte!;
    ∎ you've gone and done it now! vraiment, tu as tout gâché!
    ∎ he'll go as high as £300 il ira jusqu'à 300 livres;
    ∎ the temperature went as high as 36° C la température est montée jusqu'à 36° C;
    ∎ he went so far as to say it was her fault il est allé jusqu'à dire que c'était de sa faute à elle;
    ∎ now you've gone too far! là tu as dépassé les bornes!;
    ∎ I'll go further and say he should resign j'irai plus loin et je dirai qu'il ou j'irai jusqu'à dire qu'il devrait démissionner;
    ∎ the temperature sometimes goes below zero la température descend ou tombe parfois au-dessous de zéro;
    ∎ her attitude went beyond mere impertinence son comportement était plus qu'impertinent
    (d) (depart, leave) s'en aller, partir;
    ∎ I must be going il faut que je m'en aille ou que je parte;
    ∎ they went early ils sont partis tôt;
    ∎ you may go vous pouvez partir;
    ∎ what time does the train go? à quelle heure part le train?;
    ∎ familiar get going! vas-y!, file!;
    ∎ archaic be gone! allez-vous-en!;
    ∎ either he goes or I go l'un de nous deux doit partir
    ∎ to go to church/school aller à l'église/l'école;
    ∎ to go to a meeting aller ou assister à une réunion;
    ∎ that road goes to the market square cette route va ou mène à la place du marché
    B.
    ∎ to go barefoot/naked se promener pieds nus/tout nu;
    ∎ to go armed porter une arme;
    ∎ her family goes in rags sa famille est en haillons;
    ∎ the job went unfilled le poste est resté vacant;
    ∎ to go unnoticed passer inaperçu;
    ∎ such crimes must not go unpunished de tels crimes ne doivent pas rester impunis
    (b) (become) devenir;
    ∎ my father is going grey mon père grisonne;
    ∎ she went white with rage elle a blêmi de colère;
    ∎ my hands went clammy mes mains sont devenues moites;
    ∎ the tea's gone cold le thé a refroidi;
    ∎ have you gone mad? tu es devenu fou?;
    ∎ to go bankrupt faire faillite;
    ∎ the country has gone Republican le pays est maintenant républicain
    (c) (stop working → engine) tomber en panne; (→ fuse) sauter; (→ bulb, lamp) sauter, griller;
    ∎ the battery's going la pile commence à être usée
    (d) (wear out) s'user; (split) craquer; (break) (se) casser;
    ∎ his trousers are going at the knees son pantalon s'use aux genoux;
    ∎ the jacket went at the seams la veste a craqué aux coutures
    (e) (deteriorate, fail → health) se détériorer; (→ hearing, sight) baisser;
    ∎ all his strength went and he fell to the floor il a perdu toutes ses forces et il est tombé par terre;
    ∎ his voice is going il devient aphone;
    ∎ his voice is gone il est aphone, il a une extinction de voix;
    ∎ her mind has started to go elle n'a plus toute sa tête ou toutes ses facultés
    C.
    ∎ what are we waiting for? let's go! qu'est-ce qu'on attend? allons-y!;
    ∎ familiar here goes!, here we go! allez!, on y va!;
    ∎ go! partez!;
    ∎ you'd better get going on or with that report! tu ferais bien de te mettre à ou de t'attaquer à ce rapport!;
    ∎ it won't be so hard once you get going ça ne sera pas si difficile une fois que tu seras lancé;
    ∎ familiar go to it! (get to work) au boulot!; (in encouragement) allez-y!
    ∎ to be going to do sth (be about to) aller faire qch, être sur le point de faire qch; (intend to) avoir l'intention de faire qch;
    ∎ you were just going to tell me about it vous étiez sur le point de ou vous alliez m'en parler;
    ∎ I was going to visit her yesterday but her mother arrived j'avais l'intention de ou j'allais lui rendre visite hier mais sa mère est arrivée
    ∎ are you going to be at home tonight? est-ce que vous serez chez vous ce soir?;
    ∎ we're going to do exactly as we please nous ferons ce que nous voulons;
    ∎ she's going to be a doctor elle va être médecin;
    ∎ there's going to be a storm il va y avoir un orage;
    ∎ he's going to have to work really hard il va falloir qu'il travaille très dur
    (d) (function → clock, machine) marcher, fonctionner; (start functioning) démarrer;
    ∎ is the fan going? est-ce que le ventilateur est en marche ou marche?;
    ∎ the car won't go la voiture ne veut pas démarrer;
    ∎ he had the television and the radio going il avait mis la télévision et la radio en marche;
    ∎ the washing machine is still going la machine à laver tourne encore, la lessive n'est pas terminée;
    ∎ to get sth going (car, machine) mettre qch en marche; (business, project) lancer qch;
    ∎ her daughter kept the business going sa fille a continué à faire marcher l'affaire;
    ∎ to keep a conversation/fire going entretenir une conversation/un feu
    (e) (sound → alarm clock, bell) sonner; (→ alarm, siren) retentir
    ∎ she went like this with her eyebrows elle a fait comme ça avec ses sourcils
    ∎ to go on radio/television passer à la radio/à la télévision
    D.
    (a) (disappear) disparaître;
    ∎ the snow has gone la neige a fondu ou disparu;
    ∎ all the sugar's gone il n'y a plus de sucre;
    ∎ my coat has gone mon manteau n'est plus là ou a disparu;
    ∎ all our money has gone (spent) nous avons dépensé tout notre argent; (lost) nous avons perdu tout notre argent; (stolen) on a volé tout notre argent;
    ∎ I don't know where the money goes these days l'argent disparaît à une vitesse incroyable ces temps-ci;
    ∎ gone are the days when he took her dancing elle est bien loin, l'époque où il l'emmenait danser
    ∎ the last paragraph must go il faut supprimer le dernier paragraphe;
    ∎ I've decided that car has to go j'ai décidé de me débarrasser de cette voiture;
    ∎ that new secretary has got to go il va falloir se débarrasser de la nouvelle secrétaire
    (c) euphemism (die) disparaître, s'éteindre;
    ∎ he is (dead and) gone il nous a quittés;
    ∎ his wife went first sa femme est partie avant lui;
    ∎ after I go... quand je ne serai plus là...
    E.
    (a) (extend, reach) aller, s'étendre;
    ∎ our property goes as far as the forest notre propriété va ou s'étend jusqu'au bois;
    ∎ the path goes right down to the beach le chemin descend jusqu'à la mer;
    ∎ figurative her thinking didn't go that far elle n'a pas poussé le raisonnement aussi loin;
    ∎ my salary doesn't go very far je ne vais pas loin avec mon salaire;
    ∎ money doesn't go very far these days l'argent part vite à notre époque;
    ∎ their difference of opinion goes deeper than I thought leur différend est plus profond que je ne pensais
    (b) (belong) aller, se mettre, se ranger;
    ∎ the dictionaries go on that shelf les dictionnaires se rangent ou vont sur cette étagère;
    ∎ where do the towels go? où est-ce qu'on met les serviettes?;
    ∎ that painting goes here ce tableau se met ou va là
    (c) (be contained in, fit) aller;
    ∎ this last sweater won't go in the suitcase ce dernier pull n'ira pas ou n'entrera pas dans la valise;
    ∎ the piano barely goes through the door le piano entre ou passe de justesse par la porte;
    ∎ this belt just goes round my waist cette ceinture est juste assez longue pour faire le tour de ma taille;
    ∎ the lid goes on easily enough le couvercle se met assez facilement
    (d) (develop, turn out) se passer;
    ∎ how did your interview go? comment s'est passé ton entretien?;
    ∎ I'll see how things go je vais voir comment ça se passe;
    ∎ we can't tell how things will go on ne sait pas comment ça se passera;
    ∎ everything went well tout s'est bien passé;
    ∎ if all goes well si tout va bien;
    ∎ the meeting went badly/well la réunion s'est mal/bien passée;
    ∎ the negotiations are going well les négociations sont en bonne voie;
    ∎ the vote went against them/in their favour le vote leur a été défavorable/favorable;
    ∎ everything was going fine until she showed up tout allait ou se passait très bien jusqu'à ce qu'elle arrive;
    ∎ everything went wrong ça a mal tourné;
    ∎ familiar how's it going?, how are things going? (comment) ça va?;
    ∎ the way things are going, we might both be out of a job soon au train où vont ou vu comment vont les choses, nous allons bientôt nous retrouver tous les deux au chômage
    (e) (time → elapse) s'écouler, passer; (→ last) durer;
    ∎ the journey went quickly je n'ai pas vu le temps passer pendant le voyage;
    ∎ there were only five minutes to go before… il ne restait que cinq minutes avant…;
    ∎ time goes so slowly when you're not here le temps me paraît tellement long quand tu n'es pas là;
    ∎ how's the time going? combien de temps reste-t-il?
    F.
    ∎ what your mother says goes! fais ce que dit ta mère!;
    ∎ whatever the boss says goes c'est le patron qui fait la loi;
    ∎ anything goes on fait ce qu'on veut
    (b) (be valid, hold true) s'appliquer;
    ∎ that rule goes for everyone cette règle s'applique à tout le monde;
    ∎ that goes for us too (that applies to us) ça s'applique à nous aussi; (we agree with that) nous sommes aussi de cet avis
    (c) (be expressed, run → report, story)
    ∎ the story or rumour goes that she left him le bruit court qu'elle l'a quitté;
    ∎ so the story goes du moins c'est ce que l'on dit ou d'après les on-dit;
    ∎ how does the story go? comment c'est cette histoire?;
    ∎ I forget how the poem goes now j'ai oublié le poème maintenant;
    ∎ how does the tune go? c'est quoi ou c'est comment, l'air?;
    ∎ her theory goes something like this sa théorie est plus ou moins la suivante
    ∎ to go by or under the name of répondre au nom de;
    ∎ he now goes by or under another name il se fait appeler autrement maintenant
    (e) (be sold) se vendre;
    ∎ flats are going cheap at the moment les appartements ne se vendent pas très cher en ce moment;
    ∎ the necklace went for £350 le collier s'est vendu 350 livres;
    ∎ going, going, gone! (at auction) une fois, deux fois, adjugé!
    G.
    (a) (be given → award, prize) aller, être donné; (→ inheritance, property) passer;
    ∎ the contract is to go to a private firm le contrat ira à une entreprise privée;
    ∎ credit should go to the teachers le mérite en revient aux enseignants;
    ∎ every penny will go to charity tout l'argent va ou est destiné à une œuvre de bienfaisance
    ∎ a small portion of the budget went on education une petite part du budget a été consacrée ou est allée à l'éducation;
    ∎ all his money goes on drink tout son argent part dans la boisson
    (c) (contribute) contribuer, servir;
    ∎ all that just goes to prove my point tout ça confirme bien ce que j'ai dit;
    ∎ it has all the qualities that go to make a good film ça a toutes les qualités d'un bon film
    (d) (have recourse) avoir recours, recourir;
    ∎ to go to arbitration recourir à l'arbitrage
    H.
    (a) (be compatible → colours, flavours) aller ensemble;
    ∎ orange and mauve don't really go l'orange et le mauve ne vont pas vraiment ensemble
    ∎ let me know if you hear of any jobs going faites-moi savoir si vous entendez parler d'un emploi;
    ∎ are there any flats going for rent in this building? y a-t-il des appartements à louer dans cet immeuble?;
    ∎ familiar any whisky going? tu as un whisky à m'offrir?□
    (c) (endure) tenir le coup;
    ∎ we can't go much longer without water nous ne pourrons pas tenir beaucoup plus longtemps sans eau
    ∎ we'll only stop if you're really desperate to go on ne s'arrête que si tu ne tiens vraiment plus;
    ∎ I went before I came j'ai fait avant de venir
    ∎ 5 into 60 goes 12 60 divisé par 5 égale 12;
    ∎ 6 into 5 won't go 5 n'est pas divisible par 6
    ∎ she isn't bad, as teachers go elle n'est pas mal comme enseignante;
    ∎ as houses go, it's pretty cheap ce n'est pas cher pour une maison;
    ∎ as things go today par les temps qui courent;
    ∎ there goes my chance of winning a prize je peux abandonner tout espoir de gagner un prix;
    ∎ there you go again, always blaming other people ça y est, toujours à rejeter la responsabilité sur les autres;
    ∎ there you go! (here you are) tiens!; (I told you so) voilà!;
    ∎ there you go, two hamburgers and a coke et voici, deux hamburgers et un Coca;
    ∎ there you go, what did I tell you? voilà ou tiens, qu'est-ce que je t'avais dit!
    (a) (follow, proceed along) aller, suivre;
    ∎ if we go this way, we'll get there much more quickly si nous passons par là, nous arriverons bien plus vite
    (b) (travel) faire, voyager;
    ∎ we've only gone 5 kilometres nous n'avons fait que 5 kilomètres;
    ∎ she went the whole length of the street before coming back elle a descendu toute la rue avant de revenir
    ∎ ducks go "quack" les canards font "coin-coin";
    ∎ the clock goes "tick tock" l'horloge fait "tic tac";
    ∎ the gun went bang et pan! le coup est parti;
    ∎ familiar then he goes "hand it over" puis il fait "donne-le-moi"
    ∎ to go 10 risquer 10;
    ∎ Cards to go no/two trumps annoncer sans/deux atout(s);
    ∎ figurative to go one better (than sb) surenchérir (sur qn)
    ∎ I could really go a beer je me paierais bien une bière
    ∎ to go it (go fast) filer; (behave wildly) se défoncer;
    ∎ familiar how goes it? ça marche?
    3 noun
    (a) British (attempt, try) coup m, essai m;
    ∎ to have a go at sth/doing sth essayer qch/de faire qch;
    ∎ he had another go il a fait une nouvelle tentative, il a ressayé;
    ∎ let's have a go! essayons!; familiar (let me try) laisse-moi essayer!□ ;
    ∎ have another go! encore un coup!;
    ∎ I've never tried it but I'll give it a go je n'ai encore jamais fait l'expérience mais je vais essayer;
    ∎ she passed her exams first go elle a eu ses examens du premier coup;
    ∎ he knocked down all the skittles at one go il a renversé toutes les quilles d'un coup;
    ∎ £1 a go (at fair etc) une livre la partie ou le tour;
    ∎ to have a go on the dodgems faire un tour d'autos tamponneuses;
    ∎ he wouldn't let me have or give me a go (on his bicycle etc) il ne voulait pas me laisser l'essayer
    (b) British (in games → turn) tour m;
    ∎ it's your go c'est ton tour ou c'est à toi (de jouer);
    ∎ whose go is it? à qui de jouer?, à qui le tour?
    (c) familiar (energy, vitality) dynamisme□ m, entrain□ m;
    ∎ to be full of go avoir plein d'énergie, être très dynamique;
    ∎ she's got plenty of go elle est pleine d'entrain;
    ∎ the new man has no go in him le nouveau manque d'entrain
    (d) familiar (success) succès□ m, réussite□ f;
    ∎ he's made a go of the business il a réussi à faire marcher l'affaire;
    ∎ to make a go of a marriage réussir un mariage;
    ∎ I tried to persuade her but it was no go j'ai essayé de la convaincre mais il n'y avait rien à faire
    (e) (fashion) mode f;
    ∎ short hair is all the go les cheveux courts sont le dernier cri ou font fureur
    ∎ to have a go at sb (physically) rentrer dans qn; (verbally) passer un savon à qn;
    ∎ they had a real go at one another! qu'est-ce qu'ils se sont mis!;
    ∎ she had a go at her boyfriend elle a passé un de ces savons à son copain;
    ∎ British police have warned the public not to have a go, the fugitive may be armed la police a prévenu la population de ne pas s'en prendre au fugitif car il pourrait être armé;
    ∎ it's all go ça n'arrête pas!;
    ∎ all systems go! c'est parti!;
    ∎ the shuttle is go for landing la navette est bonne ou est parée ou a le feu vert pour l'atterrissage
    ∎ he must be going on fifty il doit approcher de la ou aller sur la cinquantaine;
    ∎ it was going on (for) midnight by the time we finished quand on a terminé, il était près de minuit
    ∎ I've been on the go all day je n'ai pas arrêté de toute la journée□ ;
    ∎ to be always on the go être toujours à trotter ou à courir, avoir la bougeotte;
    ∎ to keep sb on the go faire trimer qn
    ∎ I have several projects on the go at present j'ai plusieurs projets en route en ce moment□
    à faire;
    ∎ there are only three weeks/five miles to go il ne reste plus que trois semaines/cinq miles;
    ∎ five done, three to go cinq de faits, trois à faire
    esp American (to take out) two hamburgers to go deux hamburgers à emporter!
    (a) (move) circuler; (of rumour) courir;
    ∎ policemen usually go about in pairs en général, les policiers circulent par deux;
    ∎ you can't go about saying things like that! il ne faut pas raconter des choses pareilles!
    (b) Nautical (change tack) virer de bord
    (a) (get on with) s'occuper de;
    ∎ to go about one's business vaquer à ses occupations
    (b) (set about) se mettre à;
    ∎ she showed me how to go about it elle m'a montré comment faire ou comment m'y prendre;
    ∎ how do you go about applying for the job? comment doit-on s'y prendre ou faire pour postuler l'emploi?
    (c) (country) parcourir
    ∎ her son goes about with an older crowd son fils fréquente des gens plus âgés que lui;
    ∎ he's going about with Rachel these days il sort avec Rachel en ce moment
    traverser
    traverser;
    ∎ your brother has just gone across to the shop ton frère est allé faire un saut au magasin en face
    (a) (follow) suivre
    (b) (pursue, seek → criminal) poursuivre; (→ prey) chasser; (→ job, prize) essayer d'obtenir;
    ∎ he goes after all the women il court après toutes les femmes;
    ∎ I'm going after that job je vais essayer d'obtenir cet emploi
    (a) (disregard) aller contre, aller à l'encontre de;
    ∎ she went against my advice elle n'a pas suivi mon conseil;
    ∎ I went against my mother's wishes je suis allé contre ou j'ai contrarié les désirs de ma mère
    (b) (conflict with) contredire;
    ∎ that goes against what he told me c'est en contradiction avec ou ça contredit ce qu'il m'a dit;
    ∎ the decision went against public opinion la décision est allée à l'encontre de ou a heurté l'opinion publique;
    ∎ it goes against my principles c'est contre mes principes
    (c) (be unfavourable to → of luck, situation) être contraire à; (→ of opinion) être défavorable à; (→ of behaviour, evidence) nuire à, être préjudiciable à;
    ∎ the verdict went against the defendant le verdict a été défavorable à l'accusé ou a été prononcé contre l'accusé;
    ∎ if luck should go against him si la chance lui était contraire;
    ∎ her divorce may go against her winning the election son divorce pourrait nuire à ses chances de gagner les élections
    (a) (precede) passer devant;
    ∎ he went ahead of us il est parti avant nous;
    ∎ I let him go ahead of me in the queue je l'ai fait passer devant moi dans la queue
    (b) (proceed) aller de l'avant;
    ∎ go ahead! tell me! vas-y! dis-le-moi!;
    ∎ the mayor allowed the demonstrations to go ahead le maire a permis aux manifestations d'avoir lieu;
    ∎ the move had gone ahead as planned le déménagement s'était déroulé comme prévu;
    ∎ to go ahead with sth démarrer qch;
    ∎ they're going ahead with the project after all ils ont finalement décidé de mener le projet à bien;
    ∎ he went ahead and did it (without hesitating) il l'a fait sans l'ombre d'une hésitation; (despite warnings) rien ne l'a arrêté
    (c) (advance, progress) progresser, faire des progrès
    ∎ go along and ask your mother va demander à ta mère;
    ∎ she went along with them to the fair elle les a accompagnés ou elle est allée avec eux à la foire;
    ∎ we can talk it over as we go along nous pouvons en discuter en chemin ou en cours de route;
    ∎ I just make it up as I go along j'invente au fur et à mesure
    (b) (progress) se dérouler, se passer;
    ∎ things were going along nicely tout allait ou se passait bien
    (c) (go to meeting, party etc) aller
    (decision, order) accepter, s'incliner devant; (rule) observer, respecter;
    ∎ that's what they decided and I went along with it c'est la décision qu'ils ont prise et je l'ai acceptée;
    ∎ I go along with the committee on that point je suis d'accord avec ou je soutiens le comité sur ce point;
    ∎ I can't go along with you on that je ne suis pas d'accord avec vous là-dessus;
    ∎ he went along with his father's wishes il s'est conformé aux ou a respecté les désirs de son père
    (a) (habitually) passer son temps à;
    ∎ he goes around mumbling to himself il passe son temps à radoter;
    ∎ she just goes around annoying everyone elle passe son temps à énerver tout le monde;
    ∎ he goes around in black leather il se promène toujours en ou il est toujours habillé en cuir noir
    (b) (document, illness) circuler; (gossip, rumour) courir, circuler
    ∎ will that belt go around your waist? est-ce que cette ceinture sera assez grande pour toi?
    familiar (attack → food) attaquer, se jeter sur; (→ job, task) s'attaquer à; (→ person) attaquer;
    ∎ they were still going at it the next day ils y étaient encore le lendemain;
    ∎ she went at the cleaning with a will elle s'est attaquée au nettoyage avec ardeur
    partir, s'en aller;
    ∎ go away! va-t'en!;
    ∎ I'm going away for a few days je pars pour quelques jours;
    ∎ she's gone away to think about it elle est partie réfléchir
    (a) (return) revenir, retourner;
    ∎ she went back to bed elle est retournée au lit, elle s'est recouchée;
    ∎ to go back to sleep se rendormir;
    ∎ they went back home ils sont rentrés chez eux ou à la maison;
    ∎ I went back downstairs/upstairs je suis redescendu/remonté;
    ∎ to go back to work (continue task) se remettre au travail; (return to place of work) retourner travailler; (return to employment) reprendre le travail;
    ∎ to go back on one's steps rebrousser chemin, revenir sur ses pas;
    ∎ let's go back to chapter two revenons ou retournons au deuxième chapitre;
    ∎ we went back to the beginning nous avons recommencé;
    ∎ let's go back to why you said that revenons à la question de savoir pourquoi vous avez dit ça;
    ∎ the clocks go back one hour today on retarde les pendules d'une heure aujourd'hui
    (b) (retreat) reculer;
    ∎ go back! recule!
    (c) (revert) revenir;
    ∎ we went back to the old system nous sommes revenus à l'ancien système;
    ∎ he went back to his old habits il a repris ses anciennes habitudes;
    ∎ the conversation kept going back to the same subject la conversation revenait sans cesse sur le même sujet;
    ∎ men are going back to wearing their hair long les hommes reviennent aux cheveux longs ou se laissent à nouveau pousser les cheveux
    (d) (in time) remonter;
    ∎ our records go back to 1850 nos archives remontent à 1850;
    ∎ this building goes back to the Revolution ce bâtiment date de ou remonte à la Révolution;
    ∎ familiar we go back a long way, Brad and me ça remonte à loin, Brad et moi
    (e) (extend, reach) s'étendre;
    ∎ the garden goes back 150 metres le jardin s'étend sur 150 mètres
    (fail to keep → agreement) rompre, violer; (→ promise) manquer à, revenir sur;
    ∎ they went back on their decision ils sont revenus sur leur décision;
    ∎ he won't go back on his word il ne manquera pas à sa parole
    (precede) passer devant; (happen before) précéder;
    ∎ that question has nothing to do with what went before cette question n'a rien à voir avec ce qui précède ou avec ce qui a été dit avant;
    ∎ the election was like nothing that had gone before l'élection ne ressemblait en rien aux précédentes;
    ∎ euphemism those who have gone before (the dead) ceux qui nous ont précédés
    (a) (precede) précéder;
    ∎ we are indebted to those who have gone before us nous devons beaucoup à ceux qui nous ont précédés
    ∎ your suggestion will go before the committee votre suggestion sera soumise au comité;
    ∎ to go before a judge/jury passer devant un juge/un jury;
    ∎ the matter went before the court l'affaire est allée devant les tribunaux
    Nautical descendre dans l'entrepont
    ➲ go by
    (pass → car, person) passer; (→ time) passer, s'écouler;
    ∎ as the years go by avec les années, à mesure que les années passent;
    ∎ in days or in times or in years gone by autrefois, jadis;
    ∎ to let an opportunity go by laisser passer une occasion
    (a) (act in accordance with, be guided by) suivre, se baser sur;
    ∎ don't go by the map ne vous fiez pas à la carte;
    ∎ I'll go by what the boss says je me baserai sur ce que dit le patron;
    ∎ he goes by the rules il suit le règlement
    (b) (judge by) juger d'après;
    ∎ going by her accent, I'd say she's from New York si j'en juge d'après son accent, je dirais qu'elle vient de New York;
    ∎ you can't go by appearances on ne peut pas juger d'après ou sur les apparences
    ∎ to go by a different/false name être connu sous un nom différent/un faux nom;
    ∎ the product goes by the name of "Bango" in France ce produit est vendu sous le nom de "Bango" en France
    ➲ go down
    (a) (descend, move to lower level) descendre;
    ∎ he went down on all fours or on his hands and knees il s'est mis à quatre pattes;
    ∎ going down! (in lift) on descend!, pour descendre!
    (b) (proceed, travel) aller;
    ∎ we're going down to Tours/the country/the shop nous allons à Tours/à la campagne/au magasin
    (c) (set → moon, sun) se coucher, tomber
    (d) (sink → ship) couler, sombrer; (→ person) couler, disparaître (sous l'eau)
    (e) (decrease, decline → level, price, quality) baisser; (→ amount, numbers) diminuer; (→ rate, temperature) baisser, s'abaisser; (→ fever) baisser, tomber; (→ tide) descendre;
    ∎ the dollar is going down in value le dollar perd de sa valeur, le dollar est en baisse;
    ∎ eggs are going down (in price) le prix des œufs baisse;
    ∎ my weight has gone down j'ai perdu du poids;
    ∎ he's gone down in my estimation il a baissé dans mon estime;
    ∎ the neighbourhood's really gone down since then le quartier ne s'est vraiment pas arrangé depuis;
    ∎ to have gone down in the world avoir connu des jours meilleurs
    (f) (become less swollen → swelling) désenfler, dégonfler; (→ balloon, tyre) se dégonfler
    (g) (food, medicine) descendre;
    ∎ this wine goes down very smoothly ce vin se laisse boire (comme du petit-lait)
    ∎ a cup of coffee would go down nicely une tasse de café serait la bienvenue;
    ∎ his speech went down badly/well son discours a été mal/bien reçu;
    ∎ how will the proposal go down with the students? comment les étudiants vont-ils prendre la proposition?;
    ∎ that kind of talk doesn't go down well with me je n'apprécie pas du tout ce genre de propos
    (i) (lose) être battu;
    ∎ Mexico went down to Germany le Mexique s'est incliné devant l'Allemagne;
    ∎ Madrid went down to Milan by three points Milan a battu Madrid de trois points;
    ∎ I'm not going to go down without a fight je me battrai jusqu'à la fin
    (j) (be relegated) descendre;
    ∎ our team has gone down to the second division notre équipe est descendue en deuxième division
    (k) (be noted, recorded) être noté; (in writing) être pris ou couché par écrit;
    ∎ this day will go down in history ce jour restera une date historique;
    ∎ she will go down in history as a woman of great courage elle entrera dans l'histoire grâce à son grand courage
    (l) (reach as far as) descendre, s'étendre;
    ∎ this path goes down to the beach ce sentier va ou descend à la plage
    (m) (continue as far as) aller, continuer;
    ∎ go down to the end of the street allez ou continuez jusqu'en bas de la rue
    (n) British University entrer dans la période des vacances
    (p) Computing tomber en panne; (of computer network) planter;
    ∎ the computer's gone down l'ordinateur est en panne
    (q) Music (lower pitch) descendre
    ∎ how long do you think he'll go down for? il écopera de combien, à ton avis?;
    ∎ he went down for three years il a écopé de trois ans
    (s) American familiar (happen) se passer□
    (hill, stairs, ladder, street) descendre;
    ∎ my food went down the wrong way j'ai avalé de travers;
    ∎ Music the pianist went down an octave le pianiste a joué une octave plus bas ou a descendu d'une octave;
    ∎ British School to go down a class descendre d'une classe;
    ∎ figurative I don't want to go down that road je ne veux pas m'engager là-dedans
    vulgar (fellate) sucer, tailler ou faire une pipe à; (perform cunnilingus on) sucer, brouter le cresson à
    tomber malade de;
    ∎ he went down with pneumonia/the flu il a attrapé une pneumonie/la grippe
    (a) (fetch) aller chercher;
    ∎ he went for a doctor il est allé ou parti chercher un médecin
    (b) (try to obtain) essayer d'obtenir, viser;
    ∎ she's going for his job elle va essayer d'obtenir son poste;
    ∎ familiar go for it! vas-y!;
    ∎ I'd go for it if I were you! à ta place, je n'hésiterais pas!;
    ∎ she was really going for it elle donnait vraiment son maximum
    (c) (attack → physically) tomber sur, s'élancer sur; (→ verbally) s'en prendre à;
    ∎ dogs usually go for the throat en général, les chiens attaquent à la gorge;
    ∎ they went for each other (physically) ils se sont jetés l'un sur l'autre; (verbally) ils s'en sont pris l'un à l'autre;
    ∎ the newspapers really went for the senator les journaux s'en sont pris au sénateur sans retenue;
    ∎ go for him! (to dog) attaque!
    (d) familiar (like) aimer□, adorer□ ;
    ∎ I don't really go for that idea l'idée ne me dit pas grand-chose;
    ∎ he really goes for her in a big way il est vraiment fou d'elle
    (e) (choose, prefer) choisir, préférer
    (f) (apply to, concern) concerner, s'appliquer à;
    ∎ what I said goes for both of you ce que j'ai dit vaut pour ou s'applique à vous deux;
    ∎ pollution is a real problem in Paris - that goes for Rome too la pollution pose un énorme problème à Paris - c'est la même chose à Rome;
    ∎ and the same goes for me et moi aussi
    (g) (have as result) servir à;
    ∎ his twenty years of service went for nothing ses vingt ans de service n'ont servi à rien
    ∎ she has a lot going for her elle a beaucoup d'atouts;
    ∎ that idea hasn't got much going for it frankly cette idée n'est franchement pas très convaincante
    (a) (leave) sortir;
    ∎ the army went forth into battle l'armée s'est mise en route pour la bataille;
    ∎ Bible go forth and multiply croissez et multipliez-vous
    (b) (be pronounced) être prononcé; (be published) paraître;
    ∎ the command went forth that… il fut décrété que…
    (s')avancer;
    ∎ the clocks go forward tomorrow on avance les pendules demain;
    ∎ if this scheme goes forward… si ce projet est accepté…
    (a) (enter) entrer, rentrer;
    ∎ it's cold - let's go in il fait froid - entrons;
    ∎ it's too big, it won't go in c'est trop grand, ça ne rentrera pas
    (b) (disappear → moon, sun) se cacher
    (c) Sport (in cricket) prendre son tour au guichet
    (d) Military (attack) attaquer
    (a) (engage in → activity, hobby, sport) pratiquer, faire; (→ occupation) se consacrer à; (→ politics) s'occuper de, faire;
    ∎ she went in for company law elle s'est lancée dans le droit commercial;
    ∎ he thought about going in for teaching il a pensé devenir enseignant
    (b) familiar (be interested in) s'intéresser à□ ; (like) aimer□ ;
    ∎ I don't go in much for opera je n'aime pas trop l'opéra, l'opéra ne me dit rien;
    ∎ he goes in for special effects in a big way il est très branché effets spéciaux;
    ∎ we don't go in for that kind of film nous n'aimons pas ce genre de film;
    ∎ this publisher doesn't really go in for fiction cet éditeur ne fait pas tellement dans le roman
    ∎ they don't go in for injections so much nowadays ils ne sont pas tellement pour les piqûres de nos jours;
    ∎ why do scientists go in for all that jargon? pourquoi est-ce que les scientifiques utilisent tout ce jargon?
    (d) (take part in → competition, race) prendre part à; (→ examination) se présenter à
    (e) (apply for → job, position) poser sa candidature à, postuler
    (a) (enter → building, house) entrer dans; (→ activity, profession) entrer à ou dans; (→ politics, business) se lancer dans;
    ∎ she's gone into hospital elle est (r)entrée à l'hôpital;
    ∎ to go into the army (as profession) devenir militaire de carrière; (as conscript) partir au service;
    ∎ he went into medicine il a choisi la médecine
    (b) (be invested → of effort, money, time)
    ∎ a lot of care had gone into making her feel at home on s'était donné beaucoup de peine pour la mettre à l'aise;
    ∎ two months of research went into our report nous avons mis ou investi deux mois de recherche dans notre rapport
    (c) (embark on → action) commencer à; (→ explanation, speech) se lancer ou s'embarquer dans, (se mettre à) donner; (→ problem) aborder;
    ∎ I'll go into the problem of your taxes later j'aborderai le problème de vos impôts plus tard;
    ∎ the car went into a skid la voiture a commencé à déraper;
    ∎ to go into hysterics avoir une crise de nerfs;
    ∎ to go into fits of laughter être pris d'un fou rire
    (d) (examine, investigate) examiner, étudier;
    ∎ you need to go into the question more deeply vous devez examiner le problème de plus près;
    ∎ the matter is being gone into l'affaire est à l'étude
    (e) (explain in depth) entrer dans;
    ∎ the essay goes into the moral aspects of the question l'essai aborde les aspects moraux de la question;
    ∎ I won't go into details je ne vais pas entrer dans les détails;
    ∎ let's not go into that ne parlons pas de ça
    (f) (begin to wear) se mettre à porter;
    ∎ to go into mourning prendre le deuil
    (g) (hit, run into) entrer dans;
    ∎ a car went into him une voiture lui est rentrée dedans
    (h) Computing (file, program) aller dans;
    ∎ to go into a file aller dans un fichier
    ➲ go off
    (a) (leave) partir, s'en aller;
    ∎ she went off to work elle est partie travailler;
    ∎ her husband has gone off and left her son mari l'a quittée;
    ∎ Theatre the actors went off les acteurs ont quitté la scène
    (b) (stop operating → light, radio) s'éteindre; (→ heating) s'éteindre, s'arrêter; (→ pain) partir, s'arrêter;
    ∎ the electricity went off l'électricité a été coupée
    (c) (become activated → bomb, firework) exploser; (→ gun) partir; (→ alarm, alarm clock) sonner;
    ∎ the grenade went off in her hand la grenade a explosé dans sa main;
    ∎ the gun didn't go off le coup n'est pas parti;
    ∎ figurative to go off into fits of laughter être pris d'un fou rire
    ∎ the interview went off badly/well l'entretien s'est mal/bien passé;
    ∎ her speech went off well son discours a été bien reçu
    (e) (fall asleep) s'endormir
    (f) British (deteriorate → food) s'avarier, se gâter; (→ milk) tourner; (→ butter) rancir; (→ athlete, sportsperson) perdre sa forme;
    ∎ the play goes off in the second half la pièce se gâte pendant la seconde partie
    British familiar (stop liking) perdre le goût de□ ;
    ∎ he's gone off classical music/smoking il n'aime plus la musique classique/fumer, la musique classique/fumer ne l'intéresse plus;
    ∎ I've gone off the idea cette idée ne me dit plus rien;
    ∎ she's gone off her boyfriend son copain ne l'intéresse plus;
    ∎ funny how you can go off people c'est drôle comme on se lasse des gens parfois
    (a) (leave with) partir avec;
    ∎ he went off with the woman next door il est parti avec la voisine
    (b) (make off with) partir avec;
    ∎ someone has gone off with his keys quelqu'un est parti avec ses clés;
    ∎ he went off with the jewels il s'est enfui avec les bijoux
    ➲ go on
    (a) (move, proceed) aller; (without stopping) poursuivre son chemin; (after stopping) repartir, se remettre en route;
    ∎ you go on, I'll catch up allez-y, je vous rattraperai (en chemin);
    ∎ they went on without us ils sont partis sans nous;
    ∎ after dinner they went on to Susan's house après le dîner, ils sont allés chez Susan;
    ∎ we went on home nous sommes rentrés
    (b) (continue action) continuer;
    ∎ she went on (with her) reading elle a continué à ou de lire;
    ∎ the chairman went on speaking le président a continué son discours;
    ∎ "and that's not all", he went on "et ce n'est pas tout", a-t-il poursuivi;
    ∎ you can't go on being a student for ever! tu ne peux pas être étudiant toute ta vie!;
    ∎ go on looking! cherchez encore!;
    ∎ go on, ask her vas-y, demande-lui;
    ∎ familiar go on, be a devil vas-y, laisse-toi tenter!;
    ∎ go on, I'm listening continuez, je vous écoute;
    ∎ I can't go on like this! je ne peux plus continuer comme ça!;
    ∎ if he goes on like this, he'll get fired s'il continue comme ça, il va se faire renvoyer;
    ∎ their affair has been going on for years leur liaison dure depuis des années;
    ∎ the party went on into the small hours la soirée s'est prolongée jusqu'à très tôt le matin;
    ∎ life goes on la vie continue ou va son train;
    ∎ British familiar go on (with you)! allons, arrête de me faire marcher!;
    ∎ they have enough (work) to be going on with ils ont du pain sur la planche ou de quoi faire pour le moment;
    ∎ here's £25 to be going on with voilà 25 livres pour te dépanner
    ∎ he went on to explain why il a ensuite expliqué pourquoi;
    ∎ to go on to another question passer à une autre question;
    ∎ she went on to become a doctor elle est ensuite devenue médecin
    (d) (be placed, fit) aller;
    ∎ the lid goes on this way le couvercle se met comme ça;
    ∎ I can't get the lid to go on je n'arrive pas à mettre le couvercle;
    ∎ the cap goes on the other end le bouchon se met ou va sur l'autre bout
    (e) (happen, take place) se passer;
    ∎ what's going on here? qu'est-ce qui se passe ici?;
    ∎ there was a fight going on il y avait une bagarre;
    ∎ a lot of cheating goes on during the exams on triche beaucoup pendant les examens;
    ∎ several conversations were going on at once il y avait plusieurs conversations à la fois;
    ∎ while the war was going on pendant la guerre
    (f) (elapse) passer, s'écouler;
    ∎ as the week went on au fur et à mesure que la semaine passait;
    ∎ as time goes on avec le temps, à mesure que le temps passe
    (g) familiar (chatter, talk) parler□, jacasser□ ;
    ∎ she does go on! elle n'arrête pas de parler!, c'est un vrai moulin à paroles!;
    ∎ he goes on and on about politics il parle politique sans cesse;
    ∎ don't go on about it! ça va, on a compris!;
    ∎ I don't want to go on about it, but... je ne voudrais pas avoir l'air d'insister, mais...;
    ∎ what are you going on about now? qu'est-ce que vous racontez?
    (h) familiar (act, behave) se conduire□, se comporter□ ;
    ∎ what a way to go on! en voilà des manières!
    (i) (start operating → light, radio, television) s'allumer; (→ heating, motor, power) s'allumer, se mettre en marche
    (j) Sport (player) prendre sa place, entrer en jeu
    (k) Theatre (actor) entrer en scène
    ∎ he's going on for forty il va sur ses quarante ans
    (a) (enter → boat, train) monter dans
    ∎ to go on a journey/a holiday partir en voyage/en vacances;
    ∎ to go on a diet se mettre au régime
    (c) (be guided by) se laisser guider par, se fonder ou se baser sur;
    ∎ the detective didn't have much to go on le détective n'avait pas grand-chose sur quoi s'appuyer ou qui puisse le guider;
    ∎ she goes a lot on instinct elle se fie beaucoup à ou se fonde beaucoup sur son instinct
    ∎ he's going on forty-five il va sur ses quarante-cinq ans;
    ∎ humorous she's fifteen going on forty-five (wise) elle a quinze ans mais elle est déjà très mûre; (old beyond her years) elle a quinze ans mais elle est vieille avant l'âge
    (e) British familiar (usu neg) (appreciate, like) aimer□ ;
    ∎ I don't go much on abstract art l'art abstrait ne me dit pas grand-chose
    familiar (criticize) critiquer□ ; (nag) s'en prendre à□ ;
    ∎ the boss went on and on at her at the meeting le patron n'a pas cessé de s'en prendre à elle pendant la réunion;
    ∎ he's always going on at his wife about money il est toujours sur le dos de sa femme avec les questions d'argent;
    ∎ I went on at my mother to go and see the doctor j'ai embêté ma mère pour qu'elle aille voir le médecin;
    ∎ don't go on at me! laisse-moi tranquille!
    (a) (leave) sortir;
    ∎ my parents made us go out of the room mes parents nous ont fait sortir de la pièce ou quitter la pièce;
    ∎ to go out for a meal aller au restaurant;
    ∎ to go out to dinner sortir dîner;
    ∎ to go out for a walk aller se promener, aller faire une promenade;
    ∎ she's gone out to get a paper elle est sortie (pour) acheter un journal;
    ∎ they went out to the country ils sont allés ou ils ont fait une sortie à la campagne;
    ∎ she goes out to work elle travaille en dehors de la maison ou hors de chez elle;
    ∎ he went out of her life il est sorti de sa vie;
    ∎ she was dressed to go out (ready to leave) elle était prête à sortir; (dressed up) elle était très habillée
    (b) (travel) partir; (emigrate) émigrer;
    ∎ they went out to Africa (travelled) ils sont partis en Afrique; (emigrated) ils sont partis vivre ou ils ont émigré en Afrique
    (c) (date) sortir;
    ∎ to go out with sb sortir avec qn;
    ∎ we've been going out together for a month ça fait un mois que nous sortons ensemble
    (d) (fire, light) s'éteindre
    (e) (disappear) disparaître;
    ∎ the joy went out of her eyes la joie a disparu de son regard;
    ∎ the spring went out of his step il a perdu sa démarche légère;
    ∎ all the heart went out of her elle a perdu courage
    (f) (cease to be fashionable) passer de mode, se démoder;
    ∎ to go out of style/fashion ne plus être le bon style/à la mode;
    ∎ familiar that hairstyle went out with the ark cette coiffure remonte au déluge
    (g) (tide) descendre, se retirer;
    ∎ the tide has gone out la marée est descendue, la mer s'est retirée;
    ∎ the tide goes out 6 kilometres la mer se retire sur 6 kilomètres
    ∎ I went out to see for myself j'ai décidé de voir par moi-même;
    ∎ we have to go out and do something about this il faut que nous prenions des mesures ou que nous fassions quelque chose
    (i) (be sent → letter) être envoyé; (be published → brochure, pamphlet) être distribué; (be broadcast → radio or television programme) être diffusé
    (j) (feelings, sympathies) aller;
    ∎ our thoughts go out to all those who suffer nos pensées vont vers tous ceux qui souffrent;
    ∎ my heart goes out to her je suis de tout cœur avec elle dans son chagrin
    (k) Sport (be eliminated) être éliminé;
    ∎ Agassi went out to Henman Agassi s'est fait sortir par Henman
    (l) Cards terminer
    ∎ she went all out to help us elle a fait tout son possible pour nous aider□
    ➲ go over
    ∎ I just saw a plane go over je viens de voir passer un avion
    ∎ I went over to see her je suis allé la voir;
    ∎ they went over to talk to her ils sont allés lui parler;
    ∎ to go over to Europe aller en Europe
    (c) (turn upside down) se retourner; (capsize → boat) chavirer, capoter
    (d) (change, switch) changer;
    ∎ I've gone over to another brand of washing powder je viens de changer de marque de lessive;
    ∎ when will we go over to the metric system? quand est-ce qu'on va passer au système métrique?
    (e) (change allegiance) passer, se joindre;
    ∎ he's gone over to the Socialists il est passé dans le camp des socialistes;
    ∎ she went over to the enemy elle est passée à l'ennemi
    (f) (be received) passer;
    ∎ the speech went over badly/well le discours a mal/bien passé
    (a) (move, travel over) passer par-dessus;
    ∎ the horse went over the fence le cheval a sauté (par-dessus) la barrière;
    ∎ we went over a bump on a pris une bosse
    (b) (examine → argument, problem) examiner, considérer; (→ accounts, report) examiner, vérifier;
    ∎ would you go over my report? voulez-vous regarder mon rapport?
    (c) (repeat) répéter; (review → notes, speech) réviser, revoir; (→ facts) récapituler, revoir; School réviser;
    ∎ she went over the interview in her mind elle a repassé l'entretien dans son esprit;
    ∎ I kept going over everything leading up to the accident je continuais de repenser à tous les détails qui avaient conduit à l'accident;
    ∎ let's go over it again reprenons, récapitulons;
    ∎ he goes over and over the same stories il rabâche les mêmes histoires
    (d) (rehearse) refaire; (bars of music) rejouer; (sing) rechanter
    ∎ let's go over now to our Birmingham studios passons l'antenne à notre studio de Birmingham;
    ∎ we're going over live now to Paris nous allons maintenant à Paris où nous sommes en direct
    (move in front of) passer devant; (move beyond) dépasser
    ∎ is there enough cake to go round? est-ce qu'il y a assez de gâteau pour tout le monde?;
    ∎ to make the food go round ménager la nourriture
    (b) (visit) aller;
    ∎ we went round to his house nous sommes allés chez lui;
    ∎ I'm going round there later on j'y vais plus tard
    (c) (circulate → rumour) circuler, courir; (→ bottle, cold, flu) circuler
    (d) (be continuously present → idea, tune)
    ∎ that song keeps going round in my head j'ai cette chanson dans la tête
    (e) (spin → wheel) tourner;
    ∎ figurative my head's going round j'ai la tête qui tourne
    (f) (make a detour) faire un détour;
    ∎ to go round the long way faire un long détour
    (tour → museum) faire le tour de;
    ∎ I hate going round the shops j'ai horreur de faire les boutiques
    (a) (crowd, tunnel) traverser;
    ∎ figurative a shiver went through her un frisson l'a parcourue ou traversée
    (b) (endure, experience) subir, souffrir;
    ∎ he's going through hell c'est l'enfer pour lui;
    ∎ we all have to go through it sometime on doit tous y passer un jour ou l'autre;
    ∎ I can't face going through all that again je ne supporterais pas de passer par là une deuxième fois;
    ∎ after everything she's gone through après tout ce qu'elle a subi ou enduré;
    ∎ we've gone through a lot together nous avons vécu beaucoup de choses ensemble
    (c) (consume, use up → supplies) épuiser; (→ money) dépenser; (→ food) consommer; (wear out) user;
    ∎ she goes through a pair of tights a week elle use une paire de collants par semaine;
    ∎ I've gone through the toes of my socks j'ai usé ou troué mes chaussettes au bout;
    ∎ humorous how many assistants has he gone through now? combien d'assistants a-t-il déjà eus?;
    ∎ his novel has gone through six editions il y a déjà eu six éditions de son roman
    (d) (examine → accounts, document) examiner, vérifier; (→ list, proposal) éplucher; (→ mail) dépouiller; (→ drawer, pockets) fouiller (dans); (→ files) chercher dans; (sort) trier;
    ∎ we went through the contract together nous avons regardé ou examiné le contrat ensemble;
    ∎ did customs go through your suitcase? est-ce qu'ils ont fouillé votre valise à la douane?;
    ∎ he went through her pockets il a fouillé ses poches
    (e) (of bill, law) être voté;
    ∎ the bill went through Parliament last week le projet de loi a été voté la semaine dernière au Parlement
    (f) (carry out, perform → movement, work) faire; (→ formalities) remplir, accomplir;
    ∎ Music let's go through the introduction again reprenons l'introduction;
    ∎ we had to go through the whole business of applying for a visa nous avons dû nous farcir toutes les démarches pour obtenir un visa
    (g) (participate in → course of study) étudier; (→ ceremony) participer à
    (h) (practise → lesson, poem) réciter; (→ role, scene) répéter;
    ∎ let's go through it again from the beginning reprenons dès le début
    (a) (travel through, penetrate) passer, traverser
    (b) (offer, proposal) être accepté; (business deal) être conclu, se faire; (bill, law) passer, être voté; (divorce) être prononcé;
    ∎ the adoption finally went through l'adoption s'est faite finalement
    ∎ to go through with sth aller jusqu'au bout de qch, exécuter qch;
    ∎ he'll never go through with it il n'ira jamais jusqu'au bout;
    ∎ they went through with their threat ils ont exécuté leur menace
    (a) (colours, flavours) aller bien ensemble; (characteristics, ideas) aller de pair;
    ∎ the two things often go together les deux choses vont souvent de pair
    (b) American (people) sortir ensemble
    (a) (move towards) aller vers
    (b) (effort, money) être consacré à;
    ∎ all her energy went towards fighting illiteracy elle a dépensé toute son énergie à combattre l'analphabétisme
    (a) (go down → ship) couler, sombrer; (→ person) couler, disparaître (sous l'eau)
    (b) figurative (fail → business) couler, faire faillite; (→ project) couler, échouer; (→ person) échouer, sombrer
    (a) (move, travel underneath) passer par-dessous
    ∎ to go under a false/different name utiliser ou prendre un faux nom/un nom différent;
    ∎ a glue that goes under the name of Stikit une colle qui s'appelle Stikit
    ➲ go up
    (a) (ascend, climb → person) monter, aller en haut; (→ lift) monter;
    ∎ to go up to town aller en ville;
    ∎ I'm going up to bed je monte me coucher;
    ∎ have you ever gone up in an aeroplane? êtes-vous déjà monté en avion?;
    ∎ going up! (in lift) on monte!;
    ∎ to go up in the world faire son chemin
    (b) (increase → amount, numbers) augmenter, croître; (→ price) monter, augmenter; (→ temperature) monter, s'élever;
    ∎ rents are going up les loyers sont en hausse;
    ∎ meat is going up (in price) (le prix de) la viande augmente;
    ∎ to go up in sb's estimation monter dans l'estime de qn
    (c) (sudden noise) s'élever;
    ∎ a shout went up un cri s'éleva
    (d) (appear → notices, posters) apparaître; (be built) être construit;
    ∎ new buildings are going up all over town de nouveaux immeubles surgissent dans toute la ville
    (e) (explode, be destroyed) sauter, exploser
    (g) Theatre (curtain) se lever;
    ∎ before the curtain goes up avant le lever du rideau
    (h) British University entrer à l'université;
    ∎ she went up to Oxford in 1950 elle est entrée à Oxford en 1950
    ∎ he went up for murder il a fait de la taule pour meurtre
    ∎ they look set to go up to the First Division ils ont l'air prêts à entrer en première division
    monter;
    ∎ to go up a hill/ladder monter une colline/sur une échelle;
    ∎ Music the pianist went up an octave le pianiste a monté d'une octave;
    ∎ British School to go up a class monter d'une classe
    ∎ to go up to sb/sth se diriger vers qn/qch;
    ∎ the path goes up to the front door le chemin mène à la porte d'entrée
    ∎ the book only goes up to the end of the war le livre ne va que jusqu'à la fin de la guerre;
    ∎ I will go up to £100 je veux bien aller jusqu'à 100 livres
    (a) (accompany, escort) accompagner, aller avec;
    ∎ figurative to go with the crowd suivre la foule ou le mouvement;
    ∎ you have to go with the times il faut vivre avec son temps
    (b) (be compatible → colours, flavours) aller avec;
    ∎ that hat doesn't go with your suit ce chapeau ne va pas avec ton ensemble;
    ∎ a white Burgundy goes well with snails le bourgogne blanc se marie bien ou va bien avec les escargots
    (c) (be part of) aller avec;
    ∎ the flat goes with the job l'appartement va avec le poste;
    ∎ the sense of satisfaction that goes with having done a good job le sentiment de satisfaction qu'apporte le travail bien fait;
    ∎ mathematical ability usually goes with skill at chess des capacités en mathématiques vont souvent de pair avec un don pour les échecs
    (d) familiar (spend time with) sortir avec□ ;
    ∎ euphemism he's been going with other women (having sex) il a été avec d'autres femmes
    se passer de, se priver de;
    ∎ he went without sleep or without sleeping for two days il n'a pas dormi pendant deux jours
    s'en passer;
    ∎ we'll just have to go without il faudra s'en passer, c'est tout
    ⓘ Do not pass go, (do not collect £200/$200) Au Monopoly les joueurs tirent parfois une carte qui les envoie sur la case "prison". Sur cette carte sont inscrits les mots do not pass go, do not collect £200 (ou bien do not collect $200 s'il s'agit de la version américaine). Cette phrase, dont la version française est "ne passez pas par la case départ, ne recevez pas 20 000 francs", est utilisée de façon allusive et sur le mode humoristique dans différents contextes: on dira par exemple you do that again and you're going straight to jail, Bill. Do not pass go, do not collect $200 ("refais ça, Bill, et je t'assure que tu iras droit en prison). On peut également utiliser cette expression lorsque quelqu'un essaie de mener un projet à bien mais rencontre des obstacles: the country is trying hard to get back on its feet but because of the civil war it has not even been allowed to pass go, let alone collect £200 ("le pays fait de son mieux pour se rétablir mais la guerre civile n'arrange rien, bien au contraire").
    ⓘ Go ahead, make my day C'est la formule prononcée par l'inspecteur Harry Callahan (incarné par Clint Eastwood) dans le film Sudden Impact (1983) lorsqu'il se trouve confronté à un gangster. Il s'agit d'une façon d'encourager le bandit à se servir de son arme afin de pouvoir l'abattre en état de légitime défense: "allez, vas-y, fais-moi plaisir". On utilise cette formule par allusion au film et en réaction à une personne qui vient de proférer des menaces. Ainsi, le président Reagan s'en servit en s'adressant à des travailleurs qui menaçaient de se mettre en grève.

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